Briefly discuss why endosymbiotic theory is a revolutionary change in our unders

Question

Briefly discuss why endosymbiotic theory is a revolutionary change in our understanding of the relationship amongst organisms. Discuss who developed the theory and why it is much different than previous evolutionary theorists. Suggest at least two lines of evidence that support endosymbiotic theory

Describe (briefly, but as completely as possible) how it is that antibiotic resistant bacteria evolve. Discuss the evolutionary mechanism(s), the molecular process by which gene flow occurs and other relevant fact

Explanation / Answer

Endosymbiotic theory or symbiogenesis is surely a revolutionary change in our understanding of the relationship amongst organism.

Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory defined as biological process, theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms(evolutionary process). 1st articulated in 1905 and 1910 by the Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski, and advanced and verified with microbiological proof by Lynn Margulis in 1967. It holds that the organelles distinctive eukaryote cells evolved through mutualism of individual one-celled prokaryotic which are bacteria and algae.
The theory holds that mitochondria, plastids like chloroplasts, and probably different organelles of eukaryotic cells represent erstwhile independent prokaryotes taken one within the other in endosymbiosis. In additional detail, mitochondria also seem to be associated with order Rickettsiales proteobacteria, and chloroplasts to nitrogen-fixing filiform eubacterium.
Among the various lines of proof supporting symbiogenesis are that new mitochondria and plastids are shaped solely through binary fission and the fact that cells cannot produce new ones otherwise; that the transport proteins known as porins are found within the outer membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts and microorganism cell membranes; that cardiolipin is found solely within the inner mitochondrial membrane and microorganism cell membranes; which some mitochondria and plastids contain single circular desoxyribonucleic acid molecules kind of like the chromosomes of microorganism

this theory supports that multicellular originate from unicellular,thats why this is so revolutinary because from multicellular stage complex organelle formed.And above evidences given -1-new mitochondria only formed by binary fission as in bacteria and algae,2-if we remove mitochondria cell doesn't produce new ones.Antibiotic resistance bacteria evolve through many mechanisms-1)Bacteria can be intrinsically resistant to certain antibiotics and also acquire resistance to antibiotics by mutations in chromosomal genes and by horizontal gene transfer. 2)intrinsic difference in the composition of the cytoplasmic membrane is very important. Gram-negative bacteria have a lower amount of anionic phospholipids in the cytoplasmic membrane than Gram-positive bacteria, which reduces the efficiency of the Ca2+-mediated insertion of drugs.3)Prevention of access to target by reduce permeability,increased efflux,transformation,4)Changes in antibiotic targets by mutation,5)Modification (and protection) of targets,6)Direct modification of antibiotics by Inactivation of antibiotics by hydrolysis,Inactivation of antibiotic by transfer of a chemical group.Gene flow is basically transfer of alleles from one population to another population through immigration of individuals.MEASURING GENE FLOW-Decrease in population size,results in increased divergence due to drift,on other hand migration reduces divergence and inbreeding. Gene flow can be measured by using the effective population size and the net migration rate per generation.Barriers to gene flow-Allopatric speciation,Sympatric speciation.Gene flow between species-Horizontal gene transfer,Hybridization

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