Is DNA a protein if so what makes up proteins, if not what it is and what are it

Question

Is DNA a protein if so what makes up proteins, if not what it is and what are its monomers called? Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of DNA (this sub-question is independent of the answer to the first question).

Describe electrostatic bonds, covalent bonds, van der Waals interactions, and hydrogen bonds and give an example of each.

Which of the four classes of amino acids has side chains with the greatest hydrogen-bond-forming potential?

Which has the greatest potential to form electrostatic interactions?

Which class has the greatest potential for hydrophobic interactions?

Of the following amino acids, (K), (Y), and (F), which side-chains would you expect to be the most soluble in a polar aqueous solution? Which the least?

Would you agree with the statement that many different amino acid sequences can fold into the same basic tertiary structure? What data can you cite as evidence for your position?

Explanation / Answer

ANSWER - 1 DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, and it is the carrier of genetic information within a cell. DNA IS NOT PROTEIN IT IS DNA that holds the information to build a protein . THE DNA MADE UP OF UNITS KNOWN AS NUCLEOTIDES THAT FORM THE MONOMER.

ANSWER - 2  DNA also has primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

PRIMARY STRUCTURE - The primary structure of DNA is the primitive linear deoxyribonucleotide chain composed of deoxyribonucleotides in order. The deoxyribonucleotides contain different nitrogenous base (A/T/C/G), deoxyribose and one or more phosphate groups, and are linked by phosphodiester bonds.

SECONDARY STRUCTURE - DNA's secondary structure is a double helix formed on the basis of two complementary polynucleotide strands by hydrogen bonds in base pairs. The two polynucleotide chains form the right hand double helix with the same rotation around the same common axis. The diameter of the spiral is 2.0nm. The sugar phosphate backbones of two polynucleotide chains are located at the outer side of the double helix, while bases are located at the inner side. The axial distance between adjacent base pairs is 0.34nm, and the wheelbase of each helix is 3.4nm.

TERTIARY STRUCTURE - On the basis of the double helix, DNA molecules twist the coil further in order to form a super helix to compress the volume. The resultant is called tertiary structure of DNA. The tertiary arrangement has large-scale folding taking into consideration into geometrical and steric constraints. Usually, it includes A-DNA, B-DNA and Z-DNA in space.

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE -

DNA’s quaternary structure is similar to that of the protein to some extent. The quaternary structure of nucleic acids is the interaction between nucleic acids and other molecules. For example, the chromatin is formed by interaction between DNA and small histones.

ANSWER - 3

Covalent Bonds - Covalent bonds are the bonds between atoms created when the atoms share electrons.

EXAMPLE - IN diamonds

Ionic Bonds - Positive and negative ions attracting one another and binding together forming a new substance. This is called ionic bonding.

EXMAPLE - sodium chloride consists of Na+ ions and Cl- ions bound together

Hydrogen Bonds - Hydrogen bonds are not accually bonds, and are accually a specific type of dipole-dipole interaction. They are stronger than common dipole-dipole .

For example, hydrogen bonds operate between water, ammonia and hydrogen fluoride.

Van der Waals forces

Dispersion forces are very weak forces of attraction. They occur due to

Momentary dipoles occurring due to uneven electron distributions in neighbouring molecules as they approach one anothe

The weak residual attraction of the nuclei in one molecule for the electrons in a neighbouring molecule.

Dispersion forces are the only forces in non-polar molecules

ANSWER - 4 Polar, uncharged. Polar, charged. Nonpolar

ANSWER - 5 Hydrogen bonding is a form of electrostatic interaction between a hydrogen atom bonded to two electronegative atoms; one of which is the hydrogen-bond donor that has a stronger bond between itself and the hydrogen.

ANSWER 6 -Hydrophobic interactions describe the relations between water and NON POLAR MOLECULE low water-soluble molecules)

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