CASE STUDY A Viral Gastroenteritis miting and diarrhea for 12 he o- 6 B, 15 mont
ID: 138594 • Letter: C
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CASE STUDY A Viral Gastroenteritis miting and diarrhea for 12 he o- 6 B, 15 months old, had severe vomiting and diarthea for12 hours and no intake of fluid or food. She began vomiting blood and was quite dehydrated and lethargic. She was taken to t hospital, admitted, and treated with intravenous fluid, electr lytes, and glucose. A fecal specimen was submitted to the labora- tory for diagnosis The report indicated an infection with rotavirus, an RNA virus and member of the reovirus class. This virus causes gas- troenteritis. The incubation period is 1 to 2 days, and the virus is transmitted by the fecal-oral route, probably at G.B.'s nursery school, where several children have been ill. The virus replicates in the epithelial cells at the tip of villi in the small intestine. This cell damage results in lack of absorption of fluid and nutrients. sain sing pathophysiolog, how the virus could cause bleeding. 2. Using your knowledge of normal physiology, explain how 3. Describe several factors probably contributing to 4. What does the classification "RNA virus" mean? the vomiting and diarrhea as well as the lack of intake could affect the child physiologically. transmission in this case. How long before the vomiting began was the child probably exposed to the virus? 5. Why is it necessary to determine the specific cause of the vomiting and diarrhea? Is any other treatment for rotavirus infection indicated?Explanation / Answer
CASE STUDY A :
Rotavirus is a viral infection that can cause gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is an infection of the gut ( intestine) which causes diarrhoea and vomting. The main risk is lack of fluids in the body (dehydration). It is easily spread from an infected person to another by close contact. This is often happened because the virus is present on the infected hand's after they have been to the toilet. It is most comonly seen in children and usually takes 48 hours to develop symptoms after the first contact with rotavirus. This period is known as the incubation period.
Rotavirus is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route. In this case, profuse watery diarrhoea may occur several times in a day. Vomiting and diarrhoea can last from 3 to 8 days. This can lead to dehydration which can be dangerous. The child will show the symptoms of dehydration which includes a) decreased urination b) lethargy c) dry or cool skin d) absence of tears when crying e) dry or sticky mouth f) sunken fontanel g) extreme thirst h) feeling dizzy on standing up and i) the child may be unusually sleepy or fussy.
After one infection, a repeat infection is possible. However, as immunity develops with each infection and there may also be different strains of the virus. The feces of an infected person helps to transmit infection to another person. Touching a surface that has been contaminated with rotavirus and then touching the mouth area can result in infection. The virus can live for several hours on the hands, and for longer on hand surfaces.
RNA virus: An RNA is a virus that has RNA as its genetic material. This nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but may be double-stranded RNA(dsRNA).
It is necessary to determine the causes of vomiting and diarrhoea because it cause dehydration. It happens when there is lack of fluids in the body. There is no specific treatment for rotavirus. For people with healthy immune systems, rotavirus infection of the bowel is a self-limited illness, lasting for only a few days. The treatment consists of increase fluid intake to prevent dehydration.
CASE STUDY B:
The following suggestions may help others to prevent from streptococcal infection: a) avoid close contact with other people b) use tissues when you cough and dispose them carefully c) hand washing d) wash hands before and after coughing and touching certain things like food, dishes, glasses and napkins e) use paper cups or separate cups and towels instead of shared drinking cups and towels f) do not share food and eating utensils with others g) do not prepare food for others. Streptococcal infections are caused by any one of several species of Streptococcus. These gram-positive bacteria cause many vast majority of illnesses such as strep throat and show no symptoms of disease. Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is used to classify bacteria in to 2 broad categories according to ther cell wall. The symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection usually lasts between 3 to 14 days. Treatment for the symptoms of this disease is usually continued until the infection has resolved. The reasons behind stoping on medication is not advisable because a) there is a chance of infection due to less immunity b) long days of antibiotic treatment is necessary for patients with upper respiratory tract infection.
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