Please help me, I am deeply confused in this class and trying so hard to underst

Question

Please help me, I am deeply confused in this class and trying so hard to understand. Please give detailed answers. I know some of these might be confusing but your help will really help me learn. The teacher requires very very detailed answers and he gives nearly no (and I mean literally nearly zero) partial credit so I'm dying here. Thank you sooooooo much, you have no idea.

Also, I am nearly leaglly blind and I am dyslexic so if you could please write clear it would help so much. I just want to learn like everyone else. SUPER SUPER THANK YOU.

Note: The central dogma referred to below is this:

Explanation / Answer

6A) Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase enzyme that uses it's own RNA molecule as a template for reconstruction of telomeres, since in a normal cell, with each subsequent cell division the telomere gets shorter until it reaches a point after which it is no longer possible for the cell to divide further. In cells which retain their divisional capability such as stem cells and cancer cells, telomerase acts as a measn to prevent the loss of telomeres, thereby preventing the cell from reaching the hayflick limit. Now, according to the central dogma of molecular biology, the flow of information is from DNA to DNA, DNA to RNA and from RNA to Protein, whereas, in telomerase activity, the direction of flow of information is from RNA to DNA which according to some researchers is in clear violation of central dogma. However, it can be argued that, Central dogma is not really a dogma in the real sense of the word, it is not a universal fact that holds true in all conditions and is without any exceptions. It is more like a scientific theory which can be modified as and when needed as our understanding of these processs increases.

6B) Tetracyclin works by inhibiting translation of mRNA to polypeptide by binding to the 16S part of the 30S ribosomal subunit thereby preventing the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. The binding is reversible in nature. It has no effect on the trancription, hence in a cell treated with tetracycline, the mRNA concentration will remain unchanged as compared to an untreated cell.

6C) Tetracyclins are protein synthesis inhibitors which mainly bind to the 30S subunit of the 70S ribosomes in the mRNA translation complex. In eukaryotes, the ribosomes have 60S and 40S subunits. Also, mammalian cells are poorly suited for accumulation of antibiotics. However, tetracyclins can affect mitochondrial protein synthesis, since they have 70S ribosomes identical to prokaryotes. This is why tetracyclins can be used without much side-effects.

6D) Tetracyclins bind to the 16S rRNA part of the 30S subunit of ribosome and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. The binding is reversible in nature.

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