1) (True / False) Like the Ionian philosophers before them, Hippocrates and his

ID: 114657 • Letter: 1

Question

(True / False) Like the Ionian philosophers before them, Hippocrates and his followers sought to secularize and naturalize understanding of why events happen. In terms of the new medical science this meant trying to learn why the gods had made a person ill and what the nature of that illness is so that “doctors” can devise remedies.

True

False

(CHOOSE ONE OR MORE) Which of the following statements about scientific theories is true?

Scientific theories are constantly tested and re-tested to see whether they successfully account for all of the evidence.

The best scientific theories logically explain the relationship between variables.

Scientific hypotheses and theories can only be disproved – shown to be contradicted by observed evidence. They cannot be definitively proven correct.

The best scientific theories can be used to accurately predict future observations.

Scientific theories are logically derived and well-substantiated explanations of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of facts that have been confirmed repeatedly through observation and experiment.

(CHOOSE ONE OR MORE) Which of the following is a true statement about Ionian philosophy?

Empirical observation and logical reasoning are the basis of a way of studying and coming to know the world.

The goal of Ionian scientific philosophy was the search for and discovery of the rules that define the underlying order of the natural world.

Human beings are part of the natural order. Therefore, studying it and identifying its underlying laws is a way of learning about ourselves.

Humans possess the ability to learn and know the laws that order the natural world.

Natural events occur in ways that are predictable because the universe is ordered and rule-bound, not chaotic or subject to the whims of all-powerful gods.

4) (True / False) The expression “Wilderness is waste” was originally coined by Yale forestry professor Gifford Pinchot, President Theodore Roosevelt’s chief environmental advisor. Roosevelt and Pinchot believed that the resource-rich lands of the American West should be protected from development. They wanted the most beautiful landscapes to be made be off-limits to mining and ranching. Rather, those place should be preserved in a pristine state for those wanting to experience natural beauty while hiking, camping, riding horseback, or sightseeing.

True

False

5 )

(True / False) In the “national myth of the frontier” – which, for a time, dominated popular perception of the American West – wilderness was seen as sacred and awesome, as vast landscapes that dwarfed humanity.

True

False

Heresy is

The actions of Satan in bringing about wrongdoing.

A way of knowing that seeks to disprove biblical teachings.

Knowledge acquired by direct experience as opposed to knowledge that is acquired by learning.

The experience of pleasure in natural settings and in relations with others

Awareness of something being so vast as to be beyond comparison. Heretics believed that they saw the face of god and perceived divine truth in the contemplation of vast, beautiful and unspoiled landscapes.

Dissent from official teachings (as, for example, claims that contradict statements in the Bible or by church leaders)

The introduction of non-native species of plants and animals into new eco-systems.

(True/False) A major difference between field science and laboratory science is that the former is performed in "natural" settings under "normal" conditions while the latter consists of scientific experiments conducted under carefully controlled conditions in labs.

True

False

Which of the following Greek terms for a kind of knowledge refers to "instrumental knowledge", that is to practical knowledge (“know how”) in the service of interacting with and manipulating the natural world?

Phronesis

Techne

Episteme

Which of the following statements about local knowledge is true?

Local knowledge is rooted in direct experience of local conditions and may not be appropriate to other settings – especially ones that are very different from the one in which it developed.

Local knowledge becomes outdated more quickly than does modern global science because it is inherently less adaptable.

Local knowledge – including TEK – is less evenly distributed throughout a society (the traditional society that gave rise to it) than is modern global science. In traditional societies, as in all societies, different people will have different experiences and will, as a result, know more or less about agriculture or hunting or building or history, etc, than others. Because nearly every member of a modern society attends school, knowledge is more evenly shared among all people.

Local knowledge and modern global science are compatible ways of knowing. Both may be concerned with understanding local environments through direct experience combined with a way of thinking that attempts to fit everything that is known into a single coherent system.