NUCLEOSYNTHESIS NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: ELEMENT FORMATION 1. There are three primary en
ID: 113046 • Letter: N
Question
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: ELEMENT FORMATION
1. There are three primary energy transfer mechanisms. Energy can be transferred by:
a. Radiation
b. Convection
c. Conduction
i) Define each and provide one example from everyday experience. If you use a definition from any source, please cite the source.
ii) What is the primary heat transfer mechanism in a white dwarf star?
2. The Solar Constant (So) is defined as the amount of solar energy falling on (or passing through) a unit area (one square meter) at the average Earth -Sun distance, R = 1.5x10 ^11 meters. The Solar Constant has been measured by satellites and has the value of 1366 Watts m ^-2, about the amount needed to run a small hair dryer. Use this information and your knowledge of the area of a sphere with radius R to determine the total luminosity of the Sun, and compare what you get with the value calculated from the Stefan-Boltzmann Law on page 4 of your content item.
SHOW ALL WORK.
Earth-Sun distance = 1.5x10^11 meters
Explanation / Answer
i)
Radition alludes to the mechanism in which heat is transmitted without any physical contact between objects.
microwave oven.
Convection refers to the form of heat transfer in which energy transition occurs within the fluid.
Boiling of water, as heat passes from pan to the top
Conduction is a process in which transfer of heat takes place between objects by direct contact.
Heating up of a spoon which is used to stir hot water.
ii) electron degeneracy pressure halts the collapse due to gravity in the white dwarfs. these electrons occupy lowest levels, But, as there is no going fusion, dwarfs only have to send out energy and primarily it is done through these electrons as Electron CONDUCTIVITY and is isothermal.
along with that, Near the surface there is a small convective envelope that is only partially degenerate, partially ionized, and not isothermal.
2. Please providestefan blotzman law on page 4
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