15. An inductive effect refers to the movement of electrons through A. xbonds B.

Question

15. An inductive effect refers to the movement of electrons through A. xbonds B. ??rbitals ?bonds 16. Meta- directing groups the rate of electrophilic substitution reactions rela- tive to o/p directing groups. A. increase B. decrease C have no effect on 17. is deactivating and o/p directing. B.-a C.-OH D. -NO2 The carboxylicacid group in benzoic acid directs an incoming electrophile to the position(s). ?.ortho B. meta C. para D. ortho and para 18. 19. The nitro group in nitrobenzene directs an incoming electrophile to the position(s) A. ortho B. meta C. para D. ortho and para 20. The bromo group in bromobenzene directs an incoming electrophile to the_ position(s). A. ortho B. meta C para D. ortho and para

Explanation / Answer

15) (c) Sigma bonds (Inductive effect through sigma electrons and mesomeric effect through lone pairs and pi electrons)

16) (b) Decreases ( Because it lowers the ring electron density)

17) (b) Chlorine (Because of its electron negative nature, it deactivates)

18) (b) Meta (a Carboxylic acid is a deactivating group)

19) (b) Meta ( Nitro group on benzene ring acts as a deactivate group)

20) (d) Ortho and Para ( Bromine is slightly deactivating group due to its electronegativity (-I Inductive effect), but because of lone pairs it shows more mesomeric effect)

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