1. Describe Benedict’s test, explain its basis and why it can/has been used to t
ID: 1020418 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Describe Benedict’s test, explain its basis and why it can/has been used to test for the presence of sugars as well as to monitor diabetes control. What are the disadvantages of this test?
2. Describe the methods that cells used to transport glucose into cells, and briefly discuss the biochemical reaction that ensures that glucose remains within the cell.
3. Write a brief but comprehensive note on each of the following carbohydrate maladies, in which you indicate the cause, symptomatology treatment and incidence in the USA.
a-Lactose intolerance
b-Galacotesemia
c-Disaccharidase deficiency.
d- Isomaltase deficiency
Explanation / Answer
1. Benedict’s Test is used to test for simple carbohydrates. The Benedict’s test identifies reducing sugars (monosaccharide’s and some disaccharides), which have free ketone or aldehyde functional groups. Benedict’s solution can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine.
glucose are called reducing sugars because they are capable of transferring hydrogens (electrons) to other compounds, a process called reduction. When reducing sugars are mixed with Benedicts reagent and heated, a reduction reaction causes the Benedicts reagent to change color. The color varies from green to dark red or rusty-brown, depending on the amount of and type of sugar.
2. The two ways in which glucose transport into cell facilitated diffusion (a passive process) and secondary active transport (an active process which indirectly requires the hydrolysis of ATP).
Glucose is not absorbed directly by the cells. There are mechanisms that transport glucose into cells. The glucose transporter facilitates the transportation of glucose into the cells through the cell membrane. The glucose moves from its region of high concentration outside the cell to a region of low concentration into the cell.
Another method is active transport. The glucose transport protein relies on the concentration gradient that the cell has created during it glucose uptake. The glucose uptake depends on the glucose gradient from the body into the body cells.
Most of the body tissues contain a hydrolytic enzyme known as glucose-6-phosphatase that enables glucose to leave an organ. Muscle phosphorylase regulates the energy in a cell. The glucose-6-phosphatase absence in muscle tissues ensures that glucose-6-phosphate remains within the cell. It ensures that the glycogen remains trapped within the cell. High concentrations of AMP activate muscle phosphorylase. AMP binds and stabilizes phosphorylase b in the active state. The process thus, ensures that glucose remains within the cell.
3.
a. Lactose intolerance means the body cannot easily digest lactose, a type of natural sugar found in milk and dairy products. This is not the same thing as afood allergy to milk.
Lactose intolerance is common in adults. It occurs more often in Native Americans and people of Asian, African, and South American descent than among people of European descent
symptoms usually develop during the teen or adult years.Sometimes the small intestine stops making lactase after a short-term illness such as the stomach flu or as part of a lifelong disease such ascystic fibrosis. Or the small intestine sometimes stops making lactase after surgery to remove a part of the small intestine. In these cases, the problem can be either permanent or temporary.
symptoms:- Bloating,Pain or cramps,Gurgling or rumbling sounds in your belly,Gas,Loose stools or diarrhea,Throwing up.
b. Galactosemia is a family of genetic disorders that result from compromised ability to metabolize the sugar galactose. in which the body is unable to use (metabolize) the simple sugar
Symptoms of galactosemia are:-
Convulsions, Irritability, Lethargy, Poor feeding -- baby refuses to eat formula containing milk, Poor weight gain, Yellow skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), Vomiting
treatment :-
People with this condition must avoid all milk, products that contain milk, and other foods that contain galactose, for life. Read product labels to make sure you or your child with the condition are not eating foods that contain galactose.
Infants can be fed:
Soy formula
Another lactose-free formula, Meat-based formula or Nutramigen (a protein hydrolysate formula), Calcium supplements are recommended.
c. Disaccharidase Deficiency: An Overlooked Digestive Disorder. Disaccharidases are enzymes the break down complex sugars A deficiency of these enzymes in the duodenum results in a range of gastrointestinal symptoms. The common nature of such symptoms may lead to misdiagnosis of the condition as food allergy or intolerance.
A deficiency in one of these enzymes results in malabsorption of the corresponding sugar, leading to uncomfortable gastrointestinal symptoms. These include bloating, diarrhea, and sometimes borborygmi, more commonly known as stomach rumbling.
d. isomaltase deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects a person’s ability to digest certain sugars. People with this condition cannot break down the sugars sucrose and maltose, and other compounds made from simple sugar molecules (carbohydrates), which can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and other symptoms.
Diagnosis of isomaltase deficiency
The standard method of confirming a diagnosis of suspected ID is with an endoscopic biopsy, a tissue sample, taken from the small intestine for laboratory analysis. A sucrose breath hydrogen test has also been used.
Related Questions
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.