When building a phylogeny, which traits are the most useful for grouping organis

Question

When building a phylogeny, which traits are the most useful for grouping organisms together? A. Traits that have a similar function B. Traits that look very similar C. Traits inherited from a recent common ancestor D. Traits that are easy to observe and compare between individuals Use the diagram and the options below to match each group to the type of clade it forms. A. Monophyletic B. Paraphyletic C. Polyphyletic D. All of the above Group 1 is _____ Group 2 is Let's suppose the phylogeny above is grouping species of plants. Only plants in groups D, E and F have tendrils (a modified structure plants use to grasp on to objects). What can you infer about tendril presence in plant groups? a. It is an ancestral trait to all plant groups, so it is a sympleasiomorphy of Group 2. b. It is an analogous trait that evolved independently in each group, thus it is a homoplasy. c. It first appeared in the ancestor of group 2, thus it is a synapomorphy of Group 2. Let's suppose the phylogeny above is grouping species of plants. Only plants in groups F and A have pneumatophores (a modified root for air uptake to survive flooding). What can you infer about pneumatophores presence in plant groups? a. It is an ancestral trait to all plant groups, so it is a sympleasiomorphy of Group F. b. It is an analogous trait that evolved independently in group A and F, thus it is a homoplasy. c. It first appeared in the ancestor of group F, thus it is a synapomorphy of Group F. Studies of the Pax6 gene have shown that Pax6 regulates eye development in flatworms, insects, mollusks and vertebrates. What do these studies of the Pax6 gene and its homologues suggest? a. the eye has evolved independently multiple times. b. the eyes of many different species are descended from a common ancestor. c. the master genes of the eye in various species are not homologous. d. the eyes of invertebrates and vertebrates arose from two different ancestral control genes.

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Answers

53. C. Traits inherited from a recent common ancestor. The evolutionary relationship of the organism is known as phylogeny beacuse genes are inherited from the ancestor and passed from generation to generations. During the evolution changes in the genes at the molecular level leads to the development of new species, a single amino acid substitution can be the most useful change therefore grouping the organism with phylogeny traits of the recent ancestor are the most important. This is also a step by step process. phylogenetic tree can be drawn.

Two organism can have similar function according to their environmental condition but that does not means they are releted to each other at genetic terms. and Traits which look very similar may not defined the character of the ancestor which might have some difference in their trait.

traits which are easy to observe and compare between individual may be help to generate data but phylogeny can not be effectively drawn.

54. Group 1 is polyphyletic because this group does not contain most recent common ancestor of its members, In this case, SpeciesD, E and F share some common characters but Species B ancestor is different.

55. Group 2 is monophyletic becuse is having a common ancestor and all its descendants D, E and F.

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