Why is it necessary for the stomach contents to be acidic? Answer: How does the
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Why is it necessary for the stomach contents to be acidic? Answer: How does the stomach protect itself from digestion? Answer: Small Intestine Microanatomy Answer: a. Describe three ways the small intestine is modified to increase the surface area. Answer: b. List them in order from smallest to largest. Answer: c. Which structure help spiral chyme? Answer: d. What structure contains the brush boarder enzymes? Answer: e. Why are these not found in the stomach? Answer: Describe the composition of saliva and state the function of saliva. Answer: Which nervous system controls saliva secretion? How will it change saliva production? Answer: Bile a. Describe the composition of bile. Answer:Explanation / Answer
14) Acid helps in the breakdown of fibres and other large molecules into simpler ones. It also provides a defensive mechanism against microbes that tag along with food,
15) Stomach has Foveolar cells or surface mucous cells, which are mucus-producing cells that cover the inside of the stomach, protecting it from the corrosive nature of gastric acid.
16)The microanatomy of the small intestine consists of adventitia, muscularis (outer layer), muscularis (inner layer), submucosa, crypts and villi. The villi further contain lamina propria.
a)The interior walls of the small intestine are tightly wrinkled into finger-like projections that greatly increase their surface area. Microscopic examination of the mucosa reveals that the mucosal cells are organised into finger-like projections known as villi, which further increase the surface area. These villi further contain micro villi, which can be as thick as a single capillary. The villi show harmonious motion, easing the flow of the food.
b) Microvilli, Villi, Folds.
c) The cylindrical folds help the spiral chyme from the stomach to enter the small intestine.
d) Microvilli contain the brush border enzymes.They are a part of the final part of digestion and are found anchored into the apical plasma membrane as integral membrane proteins.
e) These cells are formed of submucosa layer and will easily get destroyed in the highly acidic environment of the stomach. Their main function is assimilation and not the breakdown of food.
17. Human saliva comprises over 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (which can be used to extract DNA), glycoproteins, enzymes (such as amylase and lipase), antimicrobial agents such as secretory IgA and lysozyme. It is responsible for initiating a primary breakdown of carbohydrates and lipids and is also responsible for mastication of food.
18. The autonomic nervous system controls the secretion of saliva. in the case of starvation or external impulses such as the smell of food, it increases the secretion of saliva. In normal circumstances and also in cases of panic, it reduces the secretion of saliva.
19. The composition of gallbladder bile is 97% water, 0.7% bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin), and 200 meq/l inorganic salts.
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