Account for each of the following in terms of principles of atomic structure, in

Question

Account for each of the following in terms of principles of atomic structure, including the number, properties, and arrangements of subatomic particles. The second ionization energy of sodium is about three times greater than the second ionization energy of magnesium. The difference between the atomic radii of Na and K is relatively large compared to the difference between the atomic radii of Rb and Cs. A sample of solid nickel chloride is attracted into a magnetic field, whereas a sample of solid zinc chloride is not. Rank the following elements by increasing atomic radius: carbon, aluminum, oxygen, potassium. Rank the following elements by increasing electronegativity: sulfur, oxygen, neon, aluminum.

Explanation / Answer

The second ionization energy of Na is about three times than the second ionization energy of Mg.

The Electronic configuration of Na, Na+, Na2+ , Mg, Mg2+ as follows:

Na:11

1s2 2s22p6 3s1

Na+:10

1s2 2s22p6 3s0

Na2+ :9

1s2 2s22p5 3s0

Mg:12

1s2 2s22p6 3s2

Mg+:11

1s2 2s22p6 3s1

Mg2+:10

1s2 2s22p6 3s0

The second ionization of Na is much larger because the electron is removed from fully filled (stable 2p) orbital while in Mg second electron is removed from 3s1 orbital and after removing this e- it will get stable octet .

The difference between the atomic radii of Na and K is redelivery large as compared to the difference between the atomic radii of Rb and Cs

The electronic configuration of Na, K, Rb and Cs as follows:

Na: 1s22s22p63s1.

K: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1.

Rb: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p65s1.

Cs: . 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p66s1.

Here the difference between the size of Na and K is between the third and fourth energy levels, while the difference between the size of Rb and Cs is between the fifth and sixth energy levels. The energy gap between the lower shell like 3 and 4 is greater than higher shell 5 and 6 as follows:

  ;

Second region is electron shielding effect which is much greater for sodium than it is for Rb and Cs.

A sample of nickel chloride is attracted into a magnetic field whereas a sample of solid zinc chloride is not.

Paramagnetic substances are attracted into a magnetic field and the substance which have unpaired electron are paramagnetic . In NiCl2 , Ni has unpaired electrons thus it is paramagnetic while Zn2+ dos not have unpaired electron. Its all electrons are paired hence it is   diamagnetic and did not attract into magnetic field.

Increasing atomic radius:

O<C<Al<K.

Atomic radius increasing from left to right and down the group also.

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse A
• Subjects

---

---

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.