can u sammrized these information for each point and each point must be saprated
ID: 996212 • Letter: C
Question
can u sammrized these information for each point and each point must be saprated. make it short in one page.Thank u
1-
olumetric properties of dilute solutions of water in ethanol and water-d2 in ethanol-d1 between T = (278.15 and 318.15) K.
Densities of solutions of H2O in C2H5OH and D2O in C2H5OD, with a water mole fraction ranging up to 0.037, were measured with an error of 1.0 · 105 g · cm3 at T = (278.15, 288.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K and at atmospheric pressure using a precise sealed vibrating tube densimeter. Apparent molar volumes and isobaric expansibilities down to infinite dilution of a solute were calculated. The temperature-dependent behavior of solute H/D isotope effects on the volumetric quantities studied was analyzed taking account of structure-related peculiarities of the solvating media in question.
2-
MINLP optimization of a heterogeneous azeotropic distillation process: Separation of ethanol and water with cyclohexane as an entrainer
Heterogeneous distillation processes are widely used in industry for the separation of azeotropic and close-boiling mixtures. This paper addresses the optimization of a heterogeneous distillation process for the separation of an azeotropic ethanol/water mixture using cyclohexane as an entrainer. Starting from a given process superstructure a MINLP problem is set up to consider continuous as well as discrete decision variables such as the feed locations and the number of stages of the distillation columns. A modified Generalized Benders Decomposition algorithm to account for non-convexities of the model equations solves the MINLP problem. The algorithm can be attached via Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to any commercial process simulator with NLP and VBA capabilities. Various optimization runs show that the algorithm is easily applicable and returns solutions independent of the initial values.
3-
Droplets boiling crisis of ethanol water solution on duralumin substrate with SiO2 nanoparticles coating.
Boiling crisis and evaporation of droplets of ethanol water solution on a horizontal ceramic heating surface were studied experimentally. The experiment was performed on duralumin substrate with SiO2. The coating was obtained by nanoparticles plasma spraying. Measurements of the contact angle of the aqueous solution onto the ceramic surface were performed. Most evaporation relates to an increase in the area of the wetting droplet surface and only 10–20% of evaporation relates to the effect of diffusion and change in the thermal–physical coefficients. Maximal instability of the bubble microlayer for alcohol solution with C0 = 20–40 mass% is observed. The critical heat flux behaves non-monotonously at a change in alcohol concentration in solution, and there are two extremes. The maximal value of sustainability coefficient at evaporation of droplets of ethanol solution corresponds to alcohol concentration of 20–30 mass%. Concentration gradient leads to instability of a triple contact line at the bubble bottom and a decrease in the dry spot area; this promotes higher critical heat flux levels (CHF). The behavior of a binary mixture depends not only on the Marangoni effect at the droplet edges, as thought previously, but also on the unsustainable behavior of the bubbles contact line. The heat transfer coefficient of ethanol solution in the spheroidal state decreases with a rise of wall overheating and spheroid diameter. Experimental dependence of the vapor layer height on wall overheating at boiling crisis was derived. The height of this layer (60–80 m) at Leidenfrost temperature manifold exceeds the surface microroughness value (1–1.5 m).
4-
Quantification of water content in water–ethanol solutions using photothermal transparent transducer method.
In this letter we exhibit a series of results obtained using the technique of photothermal spectroscopy to determine the concentration of water in water–ethanol solutions. At low concentrations water is completely miscible with ethanol and particularly difficult to separate into parts in order to determine the complementary amount of each component, especially when considering measurements for such quantification in large scale. Ethanol has been promoted to a special class of product in the last decade due to its use as a renewable fuel for cars. However, it is of extreme importance to control the amount of water mixed in ethanol in order to avoid all sorts of erroneous possibilities regarding the indications for best performance of the engines. The results presented in this paper indicate the possibility of a new systematic setup to determine accurately the water content on water–ethanol solutions using photo-thermal techniques.
5-
Experimental and theoretical investigation of contact-angle variation for water–ethanol mixture droplets on a low-surface-energy solid.
Consider a situation where a droplet is deposited on a solid surface. If the droplet volume decreases, the droplet exhibits complex behavior, such as hysteresis and size dependence of its contact angle. In this study, we perform experimental and theoretical studies of the wettability of water–ethanol droplets on a low-surface-energy solid. In the experiment, the droplet behavior is examined with decreasing volume as a result of microsyringe extraction or natural evaporation. In particular, we analytically model the adsorption of liquid molecules at the solid–liquid interface and the change in the surface energy density of the liquid during the volume-change process. These models are validated with experimental data. From the experimental results, the droplet behavior resulting from microsyringe extraction and natural evaporation differ considerably with increasing ethanol concentration. Our results suggest that the complex behavior of the droplets during the volume change is related to liquid molecules adsorbed at the solid–liquid interface and the change in the surface energy density of the liquid induced by the concentration change resulting from evaporation of the binary liquid mixture near the contact line.
6-
Experimental study of the density and derived (excess, apparent, and partial molar volumes) properties of binary water + ethanol and ternary water + ethanol + lithium nitrate mixtures at temperatures from 298 K to 448 K and pressures up to 40 MPa
Densities of binary water + ethanol and ternary water + ethanol + LiNO3 mixtures have been measured over the temperature range from 298 K to 448 K and at pressures up to 40 MPa using the constant-volume piezometer immersed in a precision liquid thermostat. The measurements for water + ethanol mixture were made for four compositions of 0.0163, 0.0343, 0.0730, and 0.0946 mol fraction of ethanol. The measurements for ternary water + ethanol + LiNO3 mixtures were performed in the same temperature and pressure ranges for twelve concentrations. The combined expanded uncertainty of the density, pressure, temperature, and concentration measurements at the 95% confidence level with a coverage factor of k = 2 is estimated to be 0.06%, 0.05%, 20 mK, and 0.015%, respectively. The derived volumetric properties such as excess, apparent, and partial molar volumes were calculated using the measured values of density for the binary water + ethanol mixture and for pure water and ethanol. The small and negative values of excess molar volume for the mixtures were found at all experimental temperatures, pressures, and over the entire concentration range. The excess molar volume minimum is found at concentration about 0.4 mol fraction of 1-propanol. The concentration minimum of the derived apparent molar volumes VV near 2 mol kg1 (dilute mixture) was observed.
Explanation / Answer
Dear Student,
1. Densities of above solutions were measured using a precise sealed vibrating tube densimeter at certain temperature from 278.15 K to 318.15 K and atmospheric pressures with a water mole fraction ranging up to 0.037 and with an error of 1 x 10-5 gm/cm3. Apparent molar volumes and isobaric expansibilities of a solute were also calculated alongwith temperature-dependent behaviour of solute H/D isotope effects on the volumetric quantities studied was also analyzed taking into account the structure-related peculiarities of the solvating media in question.
2. MINLP optimization of a heterogeneous azeotropic distillation process: Separation of ethanol and water with cyclohexane as an entrained. A MINLP problem is set up to consider continuous as well as discrete decision variables. A modified Generalized Benders Decomposition algorithm solves the MINLP problem. The algorithm can be attached via Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to any commercial process simulator with NLP and VBA capabilities.
3. Droplets boiling crisis of ethanol water solution on duralumin substrate with SiO2 gives nanoparticles coating. By measuring the contact angle of the aqueous solution onto the ceramic surface concludes that the most evaporation relates to an increase in the area of the wetting droplet surface and only 10–20% of evaporation relates to the effect of diffusion and change in the thermal–physical coefficients. Maximal instability of the bubble micro layer for alcohol solution with C0 = 20–40 mass% and maximal sustainability coefficient at evaporation of droplets of ethanol solution with C0 = 20–30 mass % is observed. The behaviour of a binary mixture depends not only on the Marangoni effect at the droplet edges, but also on the unsustainable behaviour of the bubbles contact line. Experimental dependence of the vapour layer height on wall overheating at boiling crisis was derived.
4. Quantification of water content in water–ethanol solutions using photo- thermal transparent transducer method. At low concentrations, water is completely miscible with ethanol which is particularly difficult to separate into parts. Therefore, it is of extreme importance to control the amount of water mixed in ethanol in order to avoid all sorts of erroneous possibilities regarding the indications for best performance of the engines. The results therefore indicate the possibility of a new systematic setup to determine accurate water content on water–ethanol solutions using photo-thermal techniques.
5. Experimental and theoretical investigation of contact-angle variation for water–ethanol mixture droplets on a low-surface-energy solid. In the experiment, the droplet behaviour is examined with decreasing volume as a result of micro syringe extraction or natural evaporation. The droplet behaviour resulting from micro syringe extraction and natural evaporation differ considerably with increasing ethanol concentration. Our results suggest that the complex behaviour of the droplets during the volume change is related to liquid molecules adsorbed at the solid–liquid interface and the change in the surface energy density of the liquid induced by the concentration change resulting from evaporation of the binary liquid mixture near the contact line.
6. Experimental study of the density and derived (excess, apparent, and partial molar volumes) properties of binary water + ethanol and ternary water + ethanol + lithium nitrate mixtures at temperatures from 298 K to 448 K and pressures up to 40 MPa have been measured using the constant-volume piezometer immersed in a precision liquid thermostat. The measurements for water + ethanol mixture were made for four compositions of 0.0163, 0.0343, 0.0730, and 0.0946 mol fraction of ethanol whereas the measurements for ternary water + ethanol + LiNO3 mixtures were performed at the same temperature and pressure that ranges for twelve concentrations. The combined expanded uncertainty of the density, pressure, temperature, and concentration measurements was estimated to be 0.06%, 0.05%, 20 mK, and 0.015%, respectively. The derived volumetric properties such as excess, apparent, and partial molar volumes were calculated using the measured values of density for the binary water + ethanol mixture and for pure water and ethanol. The excess molar volume minimum is found at concentration about 0.4 mol fraction of 1-propanol whereas the apparent molar volume VV minimum is found at concentration about 2 mol kg1 (dilute mixture).
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