Explain briefly what are Alu insertions and VNTRs. Why these polymorphisms can b

Question

Explain briefly what are Alu insertions and VNTRs. Why these polymorphisms can be used for DNA fingerprinting? What is the genotype distribution for the PV92 Alu insertion? (i.e. percentage of homozygous and heterozygous individuals on the gel for your section?). What is the genotype distribution for VNTRs? How many alleles do you think are present in the students’ population?

Start 1: ALU, start 2-VNTRs. Well ll 20 = 500 bpladder, other wells-students samples 100 bp ladder starts at 100 bp, in 100 bp increnments, 500 bp bright band, 1000 bp the last one 11-100 bp ladder, we

Explanation / Answer

An alu element is a short stretch of DNA characterized by the action of the Arthrobacter luteus (Alu) restriction endonuclease.Alu elements are highly conserved within primate genome.Alu insertion have been implicated in several inherited human diseases and in various form of cancer.Its study is important in eluciadating human popultion genetics and the evolution of primates.

VNTRs or a variable number tandem repeat is a location in a genome where a short nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat.VNTRs have been used as a reliable method to follow abmt engraftment status.

DNA fron an individual is more alike than different,however there are certain regions of DNA which shows great deal of diversity which are useful for DNA fingerprinting for forensics.Alu is an example of jumping sequence.Each Alu element in primate DNA is a fossil of unique transposition event that occur only once in evolution.Thus all primate sharing an alu alleae are descendent from a common ancestor.Most Alu sequence are fixed ,however some are dimorphic meaning that a particular Alu element may be either present or absent on a chromosome.Because these dimorphic Alu elements inserted into the genome within the last million years,differences in allele and genotype frequency between modern population can be used to reconstruct human prehistory.DNA fingerprinting of Alu elements affords a simple measure of genetic diversity.

VNTRs includes repeated end to end duplication of core DNA sequence at a defined locus.Because of these variation between individuals ,these DNA segment are useful for identifying individuals and thus can de used for DNA fingerprinting.

PV92 is human specific alu element.PV92 is located on chromosome 16 and is polymorphic,PV92 is a recent insertion occuring in human history in past few million years.Individuals homozygous show a band at 416bp and individuals homozygous without an insert display a band at 731bp,Heterozygous has two bands

The determination of genotype distribution of VNTRs locus D1S80 have been studied in a population of 378 unrelated germans ,the data demonstrates that the locus is highly polymorphicwith an observed heterozygosityof 75.66%.The frequency distribution does not meet with Hardy-Weinberg expectations

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