14. Apoptosis can be initiated by which event? Cytochrome c release from mitocho
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Question
14. Apoptosis can be initiated by which event?
Cytochrome c release from mitochondria
Tyrosine kinase activation
Ras activation
p53 ubiquitinylation
Enzyme release from lysosomes
15.
Which one of these does NOT occur during apoptosis of a cell?
bleb formation.
DNase fragmentation of DNA.
lipping phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.
ormation of apoptotic bodies.
rupture of the cell, releasing cytoplasmic contents
16. Imagine that you are working with a culture of cells that are not growing synchronously and you add to the culture a radioactive nucleotide for 30 minutes. For this culture, G1 lasts 9 hours, G2 takes 8 hours, M takes 1 hour, and S takes 6 hours. what percentage of the cells would be radioactively labeled? Answer with a whole number and percentage sign (eg. 10%)
Cytochrome c release from mitochondria
Tyrosine kinase activation
Ras activation
p53 ubiquitinylation
Enzyme release from lysosomes
15.
Which one of these does NOT occur during apoptosis of a cell?
bleb formation.
DNase fragmentation of DNA.
lipping phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.
ormation of apoptotic bodies.
rupture of the cell, releasing cytoplasmic contents
16. Imagine that you are working with a culture of cells that are not growing synchronously and you add to the culture a radioactive nucleotide for 30 minutes. For this culture, G1 lasts 9 hours, G2 takes 8 hours, M takes 1 hour, and S takes 6 hours. what percentage of the cells would be radioactively labeled? Answer with a whole number and percentage sign (eg. 10%)
Explanation / Answer
14. Apoptosis can be initiated by which event?
ANS – Cytochrome c release from mitochondria
[In the case of the intrinsic pathway, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria triggers caspase activation by binding to the caspase-activating protein Apaf-1.]
15. Which one of these does NOT occur during apoptosis of a cell?
ANS – DNase fragmentation of DNA.
[Granzyme B will cleave proteins at aspartate residues and will therefore activate procaspase-10 and can cleave factors like ICAD (Inhibitor of Caspase Activated DNAse).]
16. Imagine that you are working with a culture of cells that are not growing synchronously and you add to the culture a radioactive nucleotide for 30 minutes. For this culture, G1 lasts 9 hours, G2 takes 8 hours, M takes 1 hour, and S takes 6 hours. what percentage of the cells would be radioactively labeled? Answer with a whole number and percentage sign (eg. 10%)
ANS – 33 %
[The first step is to express the relationship between quantity and rate of change measured in bacteria per hour as a differential equation:
dA/dt = kA. where A is the quantity of bacteria at a given time and k is the relative growth rate.
The formula for finding the relative growth rate is:
(ln(y2)-ln(y1))/(x2-x1)->(ln(2Ao)-ln(Ao))/(1/2)=2ln(2)= 1.386
This is a seperable equation so: dA/A=kdt. Integrating both sides yields -> ln (A) = kt + C where C is a constant.
Taking the exponential of both sides gives us: A = Ce^kt.
We have a function for the quantity of bacteria but we must find the constant. We can find the constant by using the initial conditions at time zero.
2500 = (C*e^0) -> C=2500=Ao.
A = Ao*e^kt where Ao = 2500 bacteria and k = 1.386
So plugging in 20 minutes or 1/3 hour into the function gives us:
A=2500*e^(1.386*1/3)= 3968 bacteria = 32.85 % = 33 %.]
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