Explain the roles of protein kinase and protein phosphatase in the regulation of

Question

Explain the roles of protein kinase and protein phosphatase in the regulation of signaling pathways involving phosphate-regulated molecular switches. Explain the roles of GAPs and GEFs in the regulation signaling pathways involving GTP-binding proteins. Explain the roles of adenylyl cyclase and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in the regulation of cAMP signaling pathways. Explain why, in all three of these examples, prompt inactivation of these signaling molecules is necessary for rapid signaling to occur.

Explanation / Answer

Protein phosphatases are phosphatase enzymes that remove a phosphate group from the phosphorylated amino acid residue of its substrate protein. The pProtein phosphorylation is one of the most common forms of reversible protein posttranslational modification. The protein kinases are the effectors of phosphorylation which catalyze the transfer of a gamma-phosphate from ATP to specific amino acids on proteins.

GTPase-activating proteins or GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPs) are a family of regulatory proteins which can bind to activated G proteins and stimulate their GTPase activity. They help in terminating a signaling event. The guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs),serve to enhance G protein signaling.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway or adenylyl cyclase pathway is a G protein-coupled receptor-triggered signaling cascade used in cell communication. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger along with calcium.

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