How does a benign tumor differ from a malignant tumor? What is the role of clona

Question

How does a benign tumor differ from a malignant tumor? What is the role of clonal selection in the development of cancer? How do estrogens increase the risk of cancer? How does autocrine growth stimulation contribute to the progression of tumors? What properties of cancer cells give them the ability to metastasize? Why do AIDS patients have a high incidence of some types of cancer? How can a proto-oncogene be converted to an oncogene without a change or mutation in its coding sequence? Explain two ways by which this can occur. What effect would overexpression of the INK4 tumor suppressor gene have on tumor cells that express inactive Rb? Which would you expect to be more sensitive to treatment with radiation-tumors with wild-type p53 genes of tumors with mutated p53 genes? What is the mode of action of imatinib? How do some tumors develop resistance to this drug? What is "oncogene addiction, " and why is this concept important for selecting molecular targets for cancer therapy? Would an activating mutation of Raf confer resistance to an inhibitor of the MEK protein kinase?

Explanation / Answer

1. The benign tumor is defined as the tumor that is not cancerous in nature. It does not spread in the body but it imposes a threat to the body if it hinders a nerve or compresses brain nerve. The benign tumors may be formed due to injury or an inflammation. In contrast to this malignant tumors are the tumors that spread in the body starting from one part of the body. The malignant tumors are capable of metastasizing and invades the surrounding body parts. The malignant tumors result from the abnormal dividing cells, that may cause due to obesity, alcohol consumption or smoking, by environmental exposure to cancer-causing molecules.

2. The development of cancer progresses through a multi-step process. The abnormally dividing cell will give to cancer is determined by its colonal origin and whether it acquires the characteristics of being a cancer cell or not. Since the process is the multi step, the initiation is the result of an abnormality in the proliferation of a single dividing cell. this leads to the proliferation of tumor cell. The progression continues as the mutations occur continuously in the dividing cells. The occurring mutations impart a selective advantage of rapid growth and the cells with the mutations are more dominant and undergoes rapid division than the other cells. This process is termed as clonal selection. this selection continues throughout the development of the tumor which subsequently gives rise to a malignant tumor.

3.Estrogen is a hormone that is associated with a female reproductive system. The hormone poses a risk to females who menstruate early and has a late menopause. This is because the hormone aids the proliferation of cancer that causes cancer. It activates the hormone-responsive genes after the hormone binds to the receptor. This result in an increase in the DNA synthesis and proliferation of the dividing cells. This happens because different estrogens break down in the body by a different process. So the metabolism of the estrogen plays a key role in the estrogen-induced cancers.

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