Need answer of both questions: 1. Some examples of diseases of the upper respira

Question

Need answer of both questions:

1. Some examples of diseases of the upper respiratory system include pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, laryngitis and epiglottitis. What microbes are responsible for these diseases? Are the microbes part of the normal flora? If yes, what factors changed so that they became pathogenic? Explain.

2. Based on what you've learned about the principle of each of these tests and how to set them up, do you think it is possible to get false positive and/or false negative results? Why or why not? Explain.

please answer by number, add references. Own words. Thanks

Explanation / Answer

1.Microbes responsible for these diseases are generally bacteria, fungi and virus. All these infections are due to inflamation in particular organ.

Pharyngitis is caused by a viral infection but in rare cases, it can be caused by other bacteria such as gonorrhea, fungus, irritants such as smoke and allergies.

Epiglottitis is caused due to a bacterial infection of the epiglottis, bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, or Staphylococcus aureus.

Tonsillitis is also caused by a viral infection but in some cases, it can be caused by a bacterial infection such as streptococcus and rarely bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, or Haemophilus influenzae.

Sinusitis is caused by viral infection but can be caused by infection, allergies, air pollution, or structural problems in the nose.

yes, microrganism which are found at anatomical site (mean any specific region or part of the body) in normal healthy person is called as normal flora. These can be bacteria, virus, fungi and archea. These microorganisms are arranged into groups which are resident flora and transient flora. Resident flora are found at fixed position/area at a particular age whereas Transient flora may be consist of nonpathogenic or pathogenic microorganisms that inhabit the skin or mucous membrane.

Resident flora can be pathogenic or produce diseare when they are disturbed and proliferate then can produce diesase.

These normal flora may be pathogenic under certain circumstances such as if they are removed from their resticted site and introduced into the bloodstream or in any tissues. Other reason may be that their growth in a particular area depends upon some physiologic factors like temperature, moisture and the presence of certain nutrients and inhibitory substance and if any changes in their conditions may lead to diseases.

2. Today's medical tests are accurate but still false negative or positives may occur. The reason may be depends on the rate at which they happen, some vaccination can also make it happen, on the protocol used to perform the particular test and that point of time if a person is carrying any other disease. Thats the reason always triplicate of the same test is preferable to sure the accuracy.

Hope your answer is clear now.

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