1.) Use details of modern atomic theory to explain each of the following experim

Question

1.) Use details of modern atomic theory to explain each of the following experimental observation

a.) within a family such as alkali metals, the ionic radius increases as the atomic number decreases.

b.) The radius of the chlorine atom is smaller than the radius of the chloride ion.
      (radii: Cl atom =0.99A; Cl- ion=1.81A)

c.) The first ionization energy of Aluminum is lower than the first ionization energy of magnesium.
      (First ionization energies: 12Mg=7.6eV; 13Al= 6.0eV)

d.) For magnesium, the difference between the second and third ionization energies is much larger than the difference between the first and second ionization energies.

Ionization energies for Mg:
1st= 7.6eV; 2nd=14eV; 3rd= 80eV

PLEASE TYPE ANSWERS. IF YOU CANNOT DO NOT ANSWER. Thank you.

Explanation / Answer

a.) within a family such as alkali metals, the ionic radius increases as the atomic number decreases.( it is wrong ).

explanation: correct statement : alkali metals, the ionic radius increases as the atomic number increases atomic number increases new shells are added so ionic radius increase

b) The radius of the chlorine atom is smaller than the radius of the chloride ion (this is correct)

explanation:

in chlorine atom 17 protons and 17 electrons are there . but chloride ion 17 protons and 18 electrons are present.

17 protons cannot hold good 18 electrons . so chloride ion radius more .

c) The first ionization energy of Aluminum is lower than the first ionization energy of magnesium.(correct)

explanation:

in Mg outer most orbital 3s contain 2 electrons (3s2) it is full filled configuration. when orbital haivng full filled configuration it gets more stable . so Mg Ionisation energy is more than Al

d)

For magnesium, the difference between the second and third ionization energies is much larger than the difference between the first and second ionization energies. (this is correct)

3rd ionisation energy of Mg is very high it is due Mg+2 gets octet Ne stable configuration. so the third ionisation is very high for Mg.

Mg -------------------> Mg+ + e- , IE1

Mg+ -------------------> Mg+2 + e , IE2

Mg+2 ---------------------> Mg+3 + e- , IE3

IE3 >>> IE2 > IE1

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