Define genetics, hybrids, and true breeding. What are Mendel\'s four hypotheses?

Question

Define genetics, hybrids, and true breeding. What are Mendel's four hypotheses? What is meant by dominant and recessive alleles? Define homozygous, heterozygous, P generation, F1 generation, and F2 generation. Make sure you can perform and explain the results of a monohybrid cross using a Punnett Square. What is meant by genotype? Phenotype? In what three combinations can a pair of alleles be found? What is a dihybrid cross? Be able to identify the possible gamete genotypes and set up a dihybrid cross. What is meant by the principle of independent assortment? When is making a pedigree beneficial? Describe a carrier. How can two hearing parents produce a deaf child? When are recessive disorders expressed? Give some examples of recessive disorders. Define dominant disorder. Why are they less common than recessive disorders? Give some examples of dominant disorders. Describe incomplete dominance. Define and give an example of polygenetic inheritance. Explain the inheritance of blood type. What are the possible combinations making blood type? Explain pleiotropy and give an example. List some benefits of genetic testing. Discuss the dangers of genetic testing. Define sex-linked traits. Give some examples. Make sure you can complete a Punnett Square for: Sex-linked traits Recessive traits Dominant traits Monohybrid crosses Codominant traits Incomplete dominant traits Discuss the Law of Segration

Explanation / Answer

Answer 1) Genetics is the branch of science that involves the study of inheritance, heredity and variations . It is the study of mechanisms responsible for the transmission of genetic characters, evolutionary changes or changes in the gene frequencies in population.

Hybrids are defined as the a offspring produced by a cross between two genetically different individuals which contains the characteristics of both the parent plants. They are produced due to recombination or crossing over during hybridization process.

True breeding plants are also known as pure bred. When an individual of a particular phenotype produces an offspring with the same phenotype after self-fertilzation or self-pollination, the individual is considered as a true-breeding individual. They are generally homozygous in nature.

Answer 2) The four hypothesis of Mendel are as follows:

Answer 3) A dominant allele is able to express the traits in homozygous as well as in heterozygous condition. It hides or masks the expression of recessive allele and is represented by an uppercase letter.
A recessive allele is able to express the triats in homozygous condition only and in heterozygous condition, the expression is suppressed by the dominant allele. It is represented by lowercase letter.
For example; in Tt genotype, 'T' is a dominant allele and 't' is a recessive allele.

Answer 4) Homozygous means the individual possess two identical alleles for a trait i.e both alleles are either dominant or recessive alleles.
Heterozygous means the individual posses one of each allele for a particular trait i.e one dominant and one recessive allele.
P generation is the parental generation in a breeding experiment. When true breeding plants were crossed to each other, this is called a P cross and offspring produced omprise the first flial of F1 generation.
When the members of F1 generation were crossed, this produced the F2 generation or second flial generation.

Answer 6) The genotype is defined as the genetic constitution of an individual for any particular character or trait.
The phenotype is defined as the physical appearance of an individual for any particular trait.

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