pick at least two of these essay question to answer please and thank you 22% 11:

Question

pick at least two of these essay question to answer please and thank you

22% 11:46 PM 5. Enumerate and discuss in detail the steps in the process of B cell activation, What are plasma cells and what are memory cells? 6. Why do we say that Thelper cells are the master regulators of the immune system? Provide at least IllREE key activities for Thelper cells, at least one acuvily UNRELATED lo T helper cells and one disease in which these cells are specifically affected 7. Discuss in detail at least ETVE ways by which microbes overcome lines of defense of the innate immune system and provide at least one microbial example of each 8. Describe in detail the steps in phagocytosis and which cell structures play akey role in each step. How do encapsulaled bacteria prevent phagocytosis from engulfing them? 9. What is the most accepted hypothesis regarding the origin of the HIV virus? When, where and how did the HTV virus cross the species harrier? How is the process of phylogenctic analysis of HIV and what are its main conclusions? 10. Made a comprehensive list with at least SIX strategies to reduce or prevent HIV transmission. B I U

Explanation / Answer

5) B cells activation:

When resting B cells are exposed to antigens they get activated and proliferation stimulated.

Activated B cells loose experssion of slgD and CD21 and acquire the expression of activation agents

This interaction will co stimulate the B cell,activating it to clonally proliferate

The helper T cells secrete interleukins that promote the growth and antibody production by the activated B-cell

The helper T cell are normally activated by interaction with macrophase or dendritic cell but the B cell act as antigen presenting cell.

The B cell can express B7 proteins on its surface which binds to CD28 on the surface of helper T cell.

This combination of TCR-HLA antigen binding and B7-CD28 binding activates the T-cell

&) Plasma cells develop from activated B cells,it is a type of white blood cells and are also known as plasmacyte.They are transported by blood plasma and the lymphatic system.

&) Memory cells are derived from B or T lymphocytes and they quickly recognize the foreign antigen to which the body has been exposed earlier.Memory B cells stimulate the production of antigens by B plasma cells and Memory T cells stimulate cytotoxic T cells and T helper lymphocytes.

10) HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system.This virus destroys T helper cells and make copies of itself. AIDS is a syndrome caused by HIV virus.

Stratigies to reduce HIV transmission:

1) Individual level- Prevention and treatment of STDs

Avoid sex during menses,consistent use of condom,knowledge about STDs

2) Societal level

Improvement in status of women,changes in the views of society about condoms,job opportunities for women to stop prostitution.

3) Infrastructural level
changes in health infrastructure,improvement in STDs care,Better care facilities for patients,condom provision

4) Structural level

improving the literacy rate of women,economic development programme to check Rural-Urban migration,employment schemes for the unemployed.

5)Early level

Introduction of sex education in schools,awarness programmes ,providing complete knowledge about AIDS.

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