The \"normal flora\" of the large intestine utilize your indigestible food stun
ID: 91931 • Letter: T
Question
The "normal flora" of the large intestine utilize your indigestible food stun as their primary source, produce vitamin K that is absorbed through by the colon mucosa, and normally produce about 2.5 L to 3.0 L of flatus (often containing noxious and toxic gases) daily that is passed out through the anal sphincters. Chief cells found in gastric pits/glands produce and secrete the inactive enzyme pepsinogen. Complex II in the ETS is the only one that docs not "pump" a proton into the intermembrane space. Oxidative phosphorylation yields roughly the same energy (ATP) as do anaerobic metabolic pathways If oxygen is not present, pyruvate can be enzymatically converted into lactate or ethyl alcohol. The enzyme phosphofructokinase is responsible for changing 2-PG into PEP. The "default" condition of urine production is to create small amounts of extremely concentrated urine Adipose tissue is the most hydrated of all of the tissues in the human body (approximately 75% H_2 O). The largest and most important source of H^+ that alter body pH is ingestion of acidic food & liquids. Juxtamedullary nephrons have really long nephric loops that descend deep into the medullary salt gradient &, although they are the minority, play the primary role in regulating final urine volume. ANP is secreted from the atria & causes DCT & CD to excrete Na^+ ions & therefore H_2O. Peristalsis can only proceed in the oral-to-anal direction in every part of the gastrointestinal tube. The distal portions (antrum/pylorus) of the stomach is the site where almost all of your protein digestion and absorption occurs.Explanation / Answer
Answer 53. True. The normal flora of large intestine utilizes indigestible food stuff and produce Vitamin K and B12 while simultaneously producing flatus. The upper gastrointestinal tract (the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and upper ileum) normally contains a sparse microflora. In contrast, the large intestine normally contains a luxuriant microflora with total concentrations of 1011 bacteria/g of stool.
Answer 54. True. The gastric chief cell (also known as a zymogenic cell) is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin. Pepsinogen is activated into the digestive enzyme pepsin when it comes in contact with acid produced by gastric parietal cells.
Answer 55. True. The complex II do not pump electron in intermembrane space in this ETS. Therefore, the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process.
Answer 56. False. Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose).
Answer 57. True. If oxygen is not present, pyruvate can be enzymatically converted to lactate or ethyl alcohol. When oxygen is not present or if an organism is not able to undergo aerobic respiration, pyruvate will undergo a process called fermentation. i.e. will undergo alcohol fermentation. Some organisms, such as some bacteria, will undergo lactate fermentation.
Answer 58. False. Fructosekinase catalyzes the important "committed" step of glycolysis, the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate and ATP to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ADP. Inhibitors such as ATP and PEP bind to the same allosteric site and facilitate the formation of the T state, thereby inhibiting enzyme activity.
Answer 59. False. Default is to produce dilute urine but under presence of hormones can become more concentrated
Answer 60. False. Water is distributed throughout the body and the water content of various organs depends on their composition, and ranges from 83% in blood, 76% in muscle while it is only 10% in adipose tissue.
Answer 61. False. Most hydrogen ions originate from cellular metabolism. Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins releases phosphoric acid into the ECF, Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid, Fat metabolism yields organic acids and ketone bodies. Transporting carbon dioxide as bicarbonate releases hydrogen ions.
Answer 62. True. Juxtamedullary nephron is one where the renal corpuscle is close to the medulla, and the proximal convoluted tubule and its associated loop of Henle occur at a deep position compared to most other nephrons. It is these nephrons which are responsible for the development of the osmotic gradients in the renal medulla, which are used to concentrate urine.
Answer 63. True. ANP hormone is released by muscle cells in the upper chambers (atria) of the heart (atrial myocytes) in response to high blood volume. ANP acts to reduce the water, sodium, and adipose loads on the circulatory system, thereby reducing blood pressure.
Answer 64. False. Peristalsis, is involuntary movements of the longitudinal and circular muscles, primarily in the digestive tract. Peristaltic waves occur in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. In cud-chewing animals, such as cows, reverse peristalsis can occur so that the food is brought back from the stomach to the mouth for rechewing. In the small intestine, local stimulation of the intestinal smooth muscle by the presence of food particles causes contractions that tend to travel from the stimulated point in both directions. Under normal circumstances, the progress of the contractions in an oral direction is quickly inhibited, while the contractions travelling away from the mouth tend to persist.
Answer 65. False. When protein reaches the duodenum, the pancreas releases three protein splitting enzymes in inactive forms called trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase. Once trypsinogen comes in contact with an enzyme called enterokinase, which is secreted by the mucosal cells of the small intestines, then trypsin is activated. The presence of trypsin then activates the inactive procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen, and they are converted into chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase.
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