What are the answers to the following questions? (That is my one question. Take
ID: 91717 • Letter: W
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What are the answers to the following questions? (That is my one question. Take your time. I value accuracy more than speed.)
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Question 11 pts
An early attempt by Cohn at bacterial classification grouped bacteria according to their
biochemistry.
Gram stain.
shape.
arrangement.
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Question 21 pts
In 1908 Orla-Jensen suggested that bacteria be grouped according to their
arrangement.
morphology.
physiology.
Gram stain.
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Question 31 pts
In the 1930s Kluyver and van Niel proposed a classification scheme based on
Gram reactions.
biochemical relationships.
presumed evolutionary relationships.
DNA sequences.
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Question 41 pts
In 1970 Stanier proposed that classification be based on
evolution.
Gram stain.
physiology.
DNA sequence.
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Question 51 pts
Woese
was involved in determining rRNA sequences.
proposed breaking prokaryotes into two groups.
proposed breaking eukaryotes into Archaea and Bacteria.
was involved in refining the Gram stain for classification purposes.
was involved in determining rRNA sequences AND proposed breaking prokaryotes into two groups.
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Question 61 pts
Which technique(s) is/are used to help identify and classify bacteria?
microscopic examination
culture characteristics
biochemical tests
nucleic acid analysis
All of the choices are correct.
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Question 71 pts
The three domain classification scheme uses
order, phylum, class.
plants, animals, bacteria.
protista, prokaryotae, fungaea.
Archaea, Bacteria, Eucarya.
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Question 81 pts
The reference for taxonomic descriptions of bacteria is
Gray's Anatomy.
Websters Manual of Taxonomic Bacteriology.
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
Bacteriology.
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Question 91 pts
The name Lactococcus (Streptococcus) lactis
indicates that the subgenus is Streptococcus.
indicates that the family is Lactococcus.
indicates that Streptococcus is the old genus name.
indicates that Lactococcus is the old class name.
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Question 101 pts
Very often clinically relevant information may be obtained by examining
a wet mount.
the size and shape of the organism.
the sequence of proteins.
the transformation ability.
a wet mount AND the size and shape of the organism.
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Question 111 pts
Gram-positive encapsulated diplococci found in sputum is indicative of
E. coli.
Pseudomonas.
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Neisseria gonorrhea.
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Question 121 pts
Intracellular Gram-negative diplococci found in a urethral sample from a male is indicative of
E. coli.
Pseudomonas.
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Neisseria gonorrhea.
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Question 131 pts
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the few species of bacteria that
are encapsulated.
stain Gram-negative.
are acid fast.
stain Gram-positive.
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Question 141 pts
A soluble greenish pigment is produced by
Serratia marcescens.
E. coli.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
streptococci.
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Question 151 pts
Streptococcus pyogenes would be
beta hemolytic and catalase negative.
beta hemolytic and catalase positive.
alpha hemolytic and catalase negative.
alpha hemolytic and catalase positive.
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Question 161 pts
Media that changes color as a result of the biochemical activity of growing bacteria
usually contain a pH indicator in the media.
usually contain blood.
usually require the addition of various reagents before the color is evident.
is due to a breakdown of a colorless reagent.
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Question 171 pts
A breath test assaying for radioactive carbon dioxide may be used to indicate the presence of
E. coli.
Pseudomonas.
Streptococcus pyogenes.
Helicobacter pylori.
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Question 181 pts
Serological methods
are useful in identifying unknown bacterium.
rely on the specificity of an antibody-antigen interaction.
may be simple and rapid.
All of the choices are correct.
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Question 191 pts
Fatty acid analysis
can be used to identify Gram-negative bacteria.
can be used to identify Gram-positive bacteria.
uses gas chromatography to analyze fatty acid methyl esters.
requires that cells be grown under standardized conditions.
All of the above
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Question 201 pts
Nucleic acid techniques have great power as diagnostic tools because they may be
very specific.
quick and easy to perform.
used to enhance the growth of bacteria.
used to selectively inhibit the growth of certain bacteria.
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Question 211 pts
DNA probes have been very useful in
coding the DNA of organisms grown in vivo.
identifying organisms in pure culture.
detecting toxins.
diagnosing diseases of protozoa.
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Question 221 pts
Organisms that grow very slowly, are non-culturable, are present in very small numbers or are mixed with a number of other bacteria may still be identified using
Southern blotting.
replica plating.
PCR.
gas chromatography of fatty acids.
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Question 231 pts
Two isolates with identical RFLPs are considered
the same strain.
different strains.
possibly the same strain.
different genera.
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Question 241 pts
Strain differences are helpful in
replica plating.
electrophoresis.
transformation.
transduction.
tracing the source of outbreaks of disease.
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Question 251 pts
Various strains of E. coli
may cause disease.
may be harmless.
are all exactly the same.
are all very different from one another.
may cause disease AND may be harmless.
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Question 261 pts
In E. coli O157:H7, the O157:H7 refers to the
specific type of DNA present.
specific genus.
general family.
the specific LPS and flagella type present.
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Question 271 pts
Phenotypically identical bacteria
look the same.
are genetically exactly the same.
may be told apart by DNA sequence analysis.
may not be told apart by any means.
look the same AND may be told apart by DNA sequence analysis.
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Question 281 pts
Phage typing
is useful for determining eukaryotic cell types.
is used to extract DNA from cells.
is used to distinguish bacterial strains.
is dependent on the type of eukaryotic cell.
is used to distinguish bacterial strains AND is dependent on the type of eukaryotic cell.
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Question 291 pts
The more closely related two organisms are,
the less they look alike.
the more similar the nucleic acid sequence.
the less similar the nucleic acid sequence.
the more they are phenotypically similar.
the more similar the nucleic acid sequence AND the more they are phenotypically similar.
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Question 301 pts
The ticks of a genetic clock are measured by the
number of random mutations.
number of dead cells.
amount of RNA.
amount of DNA.
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Question 311 pts
Modern approaches to evolutionary taxonomy often involve
biochemical differences.
comparison of DNA and RNA.
protein similarities.
lactose fermentation.
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Question 321 pts
The relatedness of organisms determined by counting common characteristics is called
evolutionary taxonomy.
amino acid sequences.
DNA sequences.
numerical taxonomy.
suggests the organisms are very closely related at the species level AND means the GC content is 45%.
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Question 331 pts
Sequencing of rRNA is useful for
determining evolutionary relationships.
determining protein sequences.
identification of unknown bacteria.
serological relationships.
determining evolutionary relationships AND identification of unknown bacteria.
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Question 341 pts
Disagreements between conclusions obtained from rDNA data and other techniques may be explained by
horizontal DNA transfer.
vertical DNA transfer.
the difference in translation machinery.
vertical RNA transfer.
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Question 351 pts
If the GC content of two organisms is 45% in both
they are definitely related.
they are definitely not related.
they may or may not be related.
the AT content is 65%.
they are definitely related AND the AT content is 65%.
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Question 361 pts
It has been estimated that 99% of the intestinal bacteria are
facultative anaerobes.
obligate aerobes.
facultative aerobes.
obligate anaerobes.
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Question 371 pts
The methanogens
are part of the Archaea.
oxidize hydrogen gas to produce methane.
appear only in aerobic environments.
use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.
are part of the Archaea AND oxidize hydrogen gas to produce methane.
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Question 381 pts
Methanogens often grow in association with
nitrifying bacteria.
lithotrophic bacteria.
photosynthetic bacteria.
fermentative bacteria.
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Question 391 pts
Comparatively greater energy is released when
carbon dioxide is the final electron acceptor.
hydrogen is the final electron acceptor.
nitrate is the final electron acceptor.
oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
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Question 401 pts
Hydrogen sulfide
is produced when sulfur compounds are used as terminal electron acceptors.
may react with iron to produce a black precipitate.
is produced by Desulfovibrio.
has a rotten egg smell.
All of the choices are correct.
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Question 411 pts
Endospores
are a form of reproduction.
are a dormant form of a bacterium.
are formed by members of medically relevant groups of bacteria.
are involved in anaerobic respiration.
are a dormant form of a bacterium AND are formed by members of medically relevant groups of bacteria.
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Question 421 pts
Lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus
produce catalase.
are obligate fermenters.
require anaerobic environments.
use oxygen as a final electron acceptor.
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Question 431 pts
Streptococcus pyogenes
is alpha-hemolytic.
is gamma-hemolytic.
is beta-hemolytic.
may form endospores.
is alpha-hemolytic AND may form endospores.
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Question 441 pts (Chegg made me censor this)
The lactobacilli, in their role as normal flora of the *female reproductive organ beginning with V*, help the *female reproductive organ beginning with V* resist infection by contributing to
the neutrality of the *female reproductive organ beginning with V*-al mucus.
acidity of the *female reproductive organ beginning with V*.
food for the resident *female reproductive organ beginning with V*-al flora.
fertility of the host.
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Question 451 pts
Propionibacterium
produces propionic acid.
produces lactic acid.
is responsible for the holes in Swiss cheese.
requires aerobic environments.
produces propionic acid AND is responsible for the holes in Swiss cheese.
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Question 461 pts
Which of the following contains bacteriochlorophyll?
Bacillus subtilus
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
E. coli
Chromatium, Thiospirillum, Thidictyon
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Question 471 pts
Anoxygenic phototrophs
produce oxygen.
use water as a source of electrons.
use hydrogen sulfide or organic compounds as a source of electrons.
use the same form of chlorophyll found in terrestrial plants.
produce oxygen AND use the same form of chlorophyll found in terrestrial plants.
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Question 481 pts
The earliest oxygenic phototrophs are thought to be
purple sulfur bacteria.
green nonsulfur bacteria.
purple nonsulfur bacteria.
cyanobacteria.
green nonsulfur bacteria AND purple nonsulfur bacteria.
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Question 491 pts
Cyanobacteria
are a form of algae.
are prokaryotes.
use hydrogen sulfide as an electron source.
are eukaryotes.
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Question 501 pts
Phycobiliproteins are
found in purple sulfur bacteria.
found in cyanobacteria.
used to gather wavelengths of light that are not well absorbed by chlorophyll.
are used to reduce hydrogen sulfide.
found in cyanobacteria AND used to gather wavelengths of light that are not well absorbed by chlorophyll.
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Question 511 pts
The genus of bacteria that is able to fix nitrogen and form heterocysts is
Pseudomonas.
Escherichia.
Vibrio.
Anabaena.
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Question 521 pts
Purple sulfur bacteria and filamentous sulfur-oxidizers both
accumulate sulfur as intracellular granules.
fix nitrogen.
produce oxygen from carbon dioxide.
use gliding motility.
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Question 531 pts
Sulfuric acid is
involved in bioleaching.
produced by unicellular sulfur-oxidizers.
produced by Lactobacillus.
a result of reduction of metal sulfides.
involved in bioleaching AND produced by unicellular sulfur-oxidizers.
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Question 541 pts
The conversion of ammonia to nitrate could be accomplished by the presence of
Nitrosomonas alone.
Nitrobacter alone.
Anabaena alone.
both Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.
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Question 551 pts
The Gram-positive rod that is also acid-fast and is a human pathogen is
Corynebacterium diptheria.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Streptococcus pyogenes.
Listeria monocytogenes.
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Question 561 pts
Which organism(s) is/are acid-fast?
Nocardia
Pseudomonas
E. coli
Mycobacterium
Nocardia AND Mycobacterium
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Question 571 pts
Which of the following organisms is the causative agent of Hansen's disease (leprosy)?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Mycobacterium avium
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium smegmatis
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Question 581 pts
Pseudomonas
are resistant to many disinfectants and antimicrobials.
are mostly harmless except for the opportunistic P. aeruginosa.
require nutrient rich environments.
do not contain plasmids.
are resistant to many disinfectants and antimicrobials AND are mostly harmless except for the opportunistic P. aeruginosa.
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Question 591 pts
Thermus and Deinococcus
survive in extreme environments.
are both thermophilic.
are both radiation resistant.
both serve as the source of Taq polymerase.
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Question 601 pts
Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae
include E. coli, Enterobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella.
include many medically relevant bacteria.
primarily reside in the intestinal tract of humans and animals.
are facultative anaerobes.
All of the choices are correct.
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Question 611 pts
Coliforms
are an informal grouping of enterics.
ferment lactose.
includes E. coli.
are used as indicators of fecal contamination.
All of the choices are correct.
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Question 621 pts
Bacteria that may form endospores include
E. coli.
Pseudomonas and Micrococcus.
Clostridium and Bacillus.
Enterococcus and Deinococcus.
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Question 631 pts
Azotobacter
forms endospores.
forms cysts.
fixes carbon dioxide.
are used as an indicator of fecal pollution.
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Question 641 pts
Streptomyces
resemble fungi in their pattern of growth.
produce a number of antibiotics.
produce a characteristic blue green pigment.
form endospores.
resemble fungi in their pattern of growth AND produce a number of antibiotics.
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Question 651 pts
Complex structures called fruiting bodies are a characteristic of
Clostridia.
myxobacteria.
Streptomyces.
lactic acid bacteria.
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Question 661 pts
Agrobacterium
contain the Ti plasmid which modifies the growth of plant tissue.
produce antibiotics.
infect animal cells.
resemble fungus.
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Question 671 pts
Rhizobium
fix nitrogen inside nodules on the roots of legumes.
resemble fungi.
produce antibiotics.
produce a gall in plants.
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Question 681 pts
Which causes uncontrolled growth of plant tissue, resulting in a tumor?
Rhizobium
Agrobacterium
Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis
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Question 691 pts
Sphaerotilus and Leptothrix are examples of
purple sulfur bacteria.
Enterobacteriaceae.
sheathed bacteria.
green nonsulfur bacteria.
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Question 701 pts
Swarmer cells are
formed by Myxobacteria.
formed by sheathed bacteria.
also known as coliforms.
part of the green nonsulfur bacteria.
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Question 711 pts
Bdellovibrio
prey on other bacteria.
are parasites of plants.
may fix nitrogen.
are photosynthetic.
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Question 721 pts
Luminescence
is catalyzed by luciferase.
may be controlled by quorum sensing.
may be produced by bacteria.
All of the choices are correct.
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Question 731 pts
Movement of spirochetes occurs by means of structures called
cilia.
flagella.
endoflagella.
pili.
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Question 741 pts
Many spirochetes are difficult to cultivate, so their classification is based on their
morphology and ability to cause disease.
number of flagella.
pattern of pili.
number of chromosomes.
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Question 751 pts
Helicobacter pylori
inhabit the stomach.
inhabit squid ink sacs.
cause crown gall in plants.
have axonemes.
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Question 761 pts
Organisms that typically produce colonies with a fried egg appearance are the
Mycoplasma.
Actinomyces.
Chlamydia.
Mycobacteria.
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Question 771 pts
Mycoplasma
lack peptidoglycan.
are the smallest free-living organisms.
have sterols in their membranes.
are killed by penicillin.
lack peptidoglycan, are the smallest free-living organisms AND have sterols in their membranes.
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Question 781 pts
Treponema and Borrelia
are luminescent.
are endosymbionts.
are spirochaetes.
are both easily grown on artificial media.
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Question 791 pts
Which of the following is/are obligate intracellular parasites?
Chlamydia and Rickettsia
E. coli and Pseudomonas
Mycoplasma
Treponema pallidum
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Question 801 pts
Reticulate and elementary bodies are two forms of
Mycoplasma.
Caulobacter.
Chlamydia.
Myxobacteria.
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Question 811 pts
Wolbachia are found only in
hot springs.
plants.
mammals.
arthropods.
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Question 821 pts
The Euryarchaeota includes all
known thermophilic extreme acidophiles.
the bacteria.
known methanogens.
green sulfur bacteria.
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Question 831 pts
Members of the Archaea typically thrive in conditions of excessive
heat.
acidity.
alkalinity.
salinity.
All of the choices are correct.
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Question 841 pts
Archaea are typically found living in extreme environments. An exception to this are the
sulfur-oxidizing archaea.
sulfur-reducing archaea.
methanogens.
sulfur-oxidizing archaea AND sulfur-reducing archaea.
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Question 851 pts
The skin and oral cavity may have anaerobic microenvironments.
True
False
Explanation / Answer
Question 11 pts
An early attempt by Cohn at bacterial classification grouped bacteria according to their
Shape
Ferdinand Cohn was a German botanist who published many papers on bacterial classification. In early 1870s Cohn grouped bacteria according to their shapes but he observed that the classification scheme shows that bacteria are not plastic and flexible but maintain a constant shape. And so , spherical organisms give rise to spherical organisms ,they do not become rods following binary fission. At the same time, Cohn recognized that classification based only on shapes was not adequate for classifying all of the different bacteria. As all the bacteria have different shapes.
Question 21 pts
In 1908 Orla-Jensen suggested that bacteria be grouped according to their
Physiology
In 1908, Orla-Jensen suggested that bacteria should be classified according to their physiological properties rather than their morphological properties. As he considered organisms that gained their energy from inorganic sources as the most primitive. And so he said to group the bacteria physiologically.
Question 31 pts
In the 1930s Kluyver and van Niel proposed a classification scheme based on
presumed evolutionary relationships.
Presumed evolutionary relationship is commonly known as genetics. But later kluyver and van Niel faced big troubles because they were unable to differentiate between resemblance and relatedness and this is so because if two prokaryotes look alike doesn't means that they are genetically related.
Question 41 pts
In 1970 Stanier proposed that classification be based on
DNA sequence
Because it helped in classifying and determining the bacteria more efficiently.
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