Which of the following will result in or cause Respiratory Alkalosis? Aspirin po

Question

Which of the following will result in or cause Respiratory Alkalosis? Aspirin poisoning Gastric suctioning High altitude hypoxia Extreme pain Strong emotions (Fear, Anxiety, Panic) Hyperventilation 1, 2, 3 1, 3, 5, 6 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 All of the above Which of the following statements are CORRECT? The ascending limb of the nephric loop is impermeable to water but extremely active in pumping ions. The active pumping of ions in the ascending limb results in a 200 mOsm/L difference in the filtrate when compared to the same "level" of the descending limb. Both a & b are descriptive of what is referred to as the "Counter-Current Multiplier" that establishes and maintains the tremendous medullary salt gradient. All the above Only a & b Which of the following statements are FALSE? In response to uparrow ADH levels from the neurohypophysis, CD cells incorporate aquaporins into their apical membranes. Secretion is the process whereby drugs & wastes can be actively removed from the blood and placed into the filtrate. The glomerulus is a fenestrated capillary within an arteriole. Plasma volume, though the smallest, is the most important water compartment because it is dynamic (can be increased or decreased, it is not fixed) The Vasa recta is an important capillary modification that feeds tubular cells without washing out the medullary salt gradient and is referred to as a "counter-current exchanger." Most reabsorption of "good stuff" from the filtrate occurs in the Proximal tubule. Only 3 & 6 1, 4, 5 2, 5, 6 All of the above None of the above Which of the following urine characteristics would be expected if a person is in a dehydrated & acidic state? Strong yellow/golden color No perceptible odor High specific gravity Strongly alkaline pH Small volume & very concentrated pH of 4.5 1, 2, 3 1, 3, 5, 6 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 All of the above

Explanation / Answer

86 (d)

Central Causes (direct action via respiratory centre)

2. Hypoxaemia (act via peripheral chemoreceptors)

3. Pulmonary Causes (act via intrapulmonary receptors)

4. Iatrogenic (act directly on ventilation)

87 (d)

88 (e)

89 (b)

Central Causes (direct action via respiratory centre)

• Head Injury
• Stroke
• Anxiety-hyperventilation syndrome (psychogenic)
• Other 'supra-tentorial' causes (pain, fear, stress, voluntary)
• Various drugs (eg analeptics, propanidid, salicylate intoxication)
• Various endogenous compounds (eg progesterone during pregnancy, cytokines during sepsis, toxins in patients with chronic liver disease)

2. Hypoxaemia (act via peripheral chemoreceptors)

• Respiratory stimulation via peripheral chemoreceptors

3. Pulmonary Causes (act via intrapulmonary receptors)

• Pulmonary Embolism
• Pneumonia
• Asthma
• Pulmonary oedema (all types)

4. Iatrogenic (act directly on ventilation)

• Excessive controlled ventilation

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