Unit 2 Organic Chemistry Organic compounds vs. Inorganic compounds What makes a
ID: 90390 • Letter: U
Question
Unit 2 Organic Chemistry
Organic compounds vs. Inorganic compounds
What makes a compound organic? Inorganic?
Functional groups (phosphate groups, amino groups, carboxyl groups)
Know the structure of each of these groups, and which organic compounds they are found in. You can draw them for your own use.
Hydrolysis
What is it? What is it used for?
Dehydration synthesis
What is it? What is it used for?
Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides and examples)
Know the process of joining two monosaccharides together to create a disaccharide.
Be able to give examples of several monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharide examples (3)
Disaccharide examples (2)
Complex carbohydrates (3)
Lipids (Saturated vs. Unsaturated; Phospholipids, Steroids)
Define a saturated fatty acid.
Define an unsaturated fatty acid. Draw if it helps.
What process is used to put the fatty acid chain on a glycerol molecule?
Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic
Define hydrophilic.
What part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?
Define hydrophobic.
What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?
Proteins, types and functions
What is a protein composed of, and what does it do?
Amino acids
Name the three parts of the amino acid that come off the common Carbon.
Identify each of the three parts. (Amino Acid ID game)
Peptide Bonds
How are they formed?
What two parts of each amino acid do they join together?
Enzymes - define.
Levels of Protein structure
Complete the chart below.
Protein structure level
definition
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quarternary
Protein Denaturation
What is it and how does it happen?
Define what a Solute is.
Define what a solvent is
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)
Nucleotide
Name its three parts and be able to identify each of them on a diagram. (Nucleotide ID game)
What are the two possible sugars used in a nucleotide?
Complete the Table below.
DNA
RNA
ATP
What sugar does it have?
What nitrogen bases does it have?
Provide the pairings of the nitrogen bases of each nucleic acid
N/A
What is its structure?
Monosaccharide examples (3)
Disaccharide examples (2)
Complex carbohydrates (3)
Explanation / Answer
Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen to form a hydrocarbon but moist of the inorganic compounds don’t either of those two another form of difference can be seen in the is association with living organisms while most of organic compounds include lipid, DNA, proteins, nucleic acids, cells and enzymes meanwhile inorganic compounds include metals, salts and other elemental compounds.
Functional Group:
Phosphate group: phosphate groups are highly acidic, almost exclusively existing in an ionized state in solutions by releasing two hydrogen ions. Phosphate group are highly reactive with four electronegative oxygen atoms which are ready to charged ions. Phosphate groups are found in DNA and RNA
Amino Group: Amino groups are considered to basic since they can remove H+ ions they are considered basic like ammonia. Amino groups are present in nucleic acids and hormones.
Carboxyl group: carboxyl group contains both a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group, bonded to the same carbon atom. The name carboxyl derives from combining these two terms, carbonyl + hydroxyl = carboxyl. Carboxyl groups are common in many biological molecules, including amino acids and fatty acids.
Hydrolysis: Hydrolysis is a reaction involving breaking of bond using water the reaction occurs between ion and water molecules.
Hydrolysis is used to produce acetic acid when sodium acetate is treated with water sodium acetate breaks down in to acetate ions and hydrogen atoms which later produces acetic acid..
Adding of water to esters form polyesters used in making perfumes and flooring.
Food digestion is example of hydrolysis where food is broken down by action of water.
Dehydration Synthesis: Monomers are joined together to form large molecules called as polymers during this reaction water is released as by product called as dehydration synthesis. Through dehydration synthesis foods are digested and changed to organic molecules which our body required for functioning of tissues, development, and hormones production.
Disaccharides: Disaccharides are formed by joining of two monosaccharide’s by dehydration synthesis forming a glycosidic bond between two monosaccharide where water is released as side product.
disaccharides examples Sucrose, lactose
Monosaccharide: They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble,and crystalline solids. Some monosaccharide have a sweet taste. examples Glucose,fructose,galactose
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharide
Disaccharides examples Sucrose, lactose
Saturated lipids: As there are no double bonds between the fatty acid chain and the carbon atoms, meaning the carbon atoms are fully filled or saturated with hydrogen atoms.
Unsaturated Lipids: There are one or more double bonds are present and hydrogen is eliminated when double bonds are formed making it unsaturated.
Phospholipids: Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes. They can form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic
Steroids: Steroids are large class of organic molecule with four carbon rings atom they may include hormone, alkaloids
By Process of condensation fatty acid are added on glycerol molecule.
Hydrophobic: Nonpolar molecules that repel the water molecules are said to be hydrophobic
Hydrophilic: molecules forming ionic or a hydrogen bond with the water molecule are said to be hydrophilic
The structure of the phospholipids molecule generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head" consisting of a phosphate group
:Proteins: Proteins are large macromolecules consisting one or more long chains of amino acids.
They are number of proteins like signaling proteins, defense proteins, motor proteins, sensory proteins.
Proteins helps in giving structure to body, helps by producing antibodies and enzymes.
The three parts of amino acids which come from same carbon are a hydrogen, a oxygen and nitrogen
A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O)
Enzymes: Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions.
Primary structure of protein: The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
Secondary structure of protein :Secondary structure refers to highly regular local sub-structures on the actual polypeptide backbone chain.
Tertiary structure of protein: Tertiary structure refers to the three-dimensional structure of monomeric and multimeric protein molecules. The -helixes and -pleated-sheets are folded into a compact globular structure.
Quaternary structure of protein :Quaternary structure is the three-dimensional structure of a multi-subunit protein and how the subunits fit together
Denaturation of proteins involves the disruption and possible destruction of both the secondary and tertiary structures. Denaturation disrupts the normal alpha-helix and beta sheets in a protein and uncoils it into a random shape. Heat can be used to disrupt hydrogen bonds and non-polar hydrophobic interactions.
Solute: solue is amll component which on mixing with solvent gives solution,
Solvent :Solvent is solution in which solute is mixed.
DNA have Deoxyribose sugar
RNA and ATP have Ribose Sugar
DNA have nitrogen bases Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine, or Guanine
RNA have bases Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine, or Guanine
ATP have bases Adenine
Pairing of nitrogen bases in DNA is Thymine (T) pairs with Adenine (A),Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
Pairing of nitrogen bases in RNA is Uracil (U) pairs with Adenine (A),Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine
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