A and P Mastering Table 21.3 Factors Affecting Insulin and Glucagon Release Prob

Question

A and P Mastering

Table 21.3 Factors Affecting Insulin and Glucagon Release

Problems with pH

You have explained Joe's dehydration and low blood pressure. But he had some other unusual signs and symptoms. Let's look again:

Joe appears confused and lethargic. He is breathing heavily and has a strong fruity odor. His respirations are more rapid than normal, 25 breaths/min, and heavy. His blood glucose is elevated at 240 mg/dL. His urine also has a lower pH than normal.

Insulin does not explain these problems. They are due to a hormone from the alpha cells of the pancreas glucagon. This hormone is released in response to many stimuli, including the sympathetic nervous system. Let's apply the functions of glucagon to explain why Joe has a low urine pH and a fruity odor.

Explanation / Answer

Glucagon increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver.  In type 1 diabetes (T1DM), increased glucagon secretion contributes to the elevated ketones and acidosis present in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). It also contributes to the hyperglycemia seen with or without DKA.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening problem that affects people with diabetes. It occurs when the body cannot use sugar (glucose) as a fuel source because there is no insulin or not enough insulin. Fat is used for fuel instead. As fat is broken down, acids called ketones build up in the blood and urine. In high levels, ketones are poisonous. This condition is known as ketoacidosis.

Diabetic ketoacidosis arises because of a lack of insulin in the body. The lack of insulin and corresponding elevation of glucagon leads to increased release of glucose by the liver (a process that is normally suppressed by insulin) from glycogen via glycogenolysis and also through gluconeogenesis.

Common symptoms can include:

Decreased alertness, Deep, rapid breathing, Dry skin and mouth, Flushed face, Frequent urination or thirst that lasts for a day or more, Fruity-smelling breath etc.

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse A
• Subjects

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.