Question 57 VX and Sarin were developed for chemical warfare. Structurally, how

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Question 57

VX and Sarin were developed for chemical warfare. Structurally, how are these related to some insecticides? For an organic chemical of interest, say the "dimensionless" Henry's Law constant (H/RT) is 2 = c_air/c_water A system has 100 mL of air and 5 mL of water. What is the fraction of the chemical in the air in this system? For the system for the above problem, some soil is added that has no organic carbon (OC). (f_oc = 0) Based on how we considered partitioning to soil to occur, will the fraction of the chemical in the air go up, go down, or remain unchanged? Why? What is the main assumption in a "Level 1 Fugacity" Box Model? In purging a water volume with gas bubbles, will the loss of volatile chemicals occur in a linear or exponential way? why? what is the math?

Explanation / Answer

Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym for nuclear, biological, and chemical (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered "weapons of mass destruction" (WMDs). None of these fall under the term conventional weapons which are primarily effective due to their destructive potential. With proper protective equipment, training, and decontamination measures, the primary effects of chemical weapons can be overcome. Many nations possess vast stockpiles of weaponized agents in preparation for wartime use. The threat and the perceived threat have become strategic tools in planning both measures and counter-measures.

What are chemical warfare agents?

Major categories of CWAs include the following:

This series of BASIC models treat the partitioning of a specified organic chemical in an evaluative environment with an area of 1 km2 at 25 oC. Each Level has two versions, one with an environment of only air, water, soil, sediments (designated "a"), the other with the additional media fish and suspended solids (designated "b").

This series of models is useful for establishing the general features of a new or existing chemical's behaviour, ie. the media into which the chemical will tend to partition, the primary loss mechanisms, and its tendency for intermedia transport. The result of various emission scenarios can be explored. The Levels provide a progression of understanding.

A more detailed description of all three Levels is included in the text "Multimedia Environmental Models; The Fugacity Approach" by D. Mackay, Lewis Publishers, CRC Press. 1991 on pages 67-183.

Windows users may prefer the friendlier Visual Basic EQC model which treats all Levels.

Level I

This program estimates the equilibrium partitioning of a quantity of organic chemical between the homogeneous environmental media with defined volumes, densities, organic carbon contents, and lipid fraction. There are no in- or out-flows of chemical, and no degrading reactions occur.

We recommend that Windows users try the new Visual Basic Level I model.

The required input data are:
Chemical Properties:

Amount of chemical

Model output includes:

Degasification is the removal of dissolved gases from liquids, especially water or aqueous solutions. There are numerous possible methods for such removal of gases from liquids.

Gases are removed for various reasons. Chemists remove gases from solvents when the compounds they are working on are possibly air- or oxygen-sensitive, or when bubble formation at solid-liquid interfaces becomes a problem. The formation of gas bubbles when a liquid is frozen can also be undesirable, necessitating degassing. This process is called degasification.

57 . Answer is : Exponential way

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