Introduction to Solubility and Solution Formation Learning Goal: To understand t

Question

Introduction to Solubility and Solution Formation Learning Goal: To understand the solubility of a solute in a solvent, the dissolution process, and the properties that affect the rate of dissolution A cola has a certain amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in it. The cola is therefore an example of a solution of gas in water. The carbon dioxide gas is the solute, and it is dissolved in water, which is the solvent. At the molecular level, the dissolution process involves breaking intermolecular forces of attraction among the solute molecules and forming new ones with the solvent molecules. The solubility of a solute in a solvent depends on various parameters, such as temperature, pressure, the nature of the solute, and the nature of the solvent. One can increase or decrease the solubility of solute by changing these parameters For example, an increase in temperature may increase the rate of dissolution for solutions involving solids Part A The properties of a solute and its solubility in liquid solvents A solution is a homogenous mixture of solute and solvent. There are different types of solutions. A carbonated drink is an example of a solution where the solute is a gas and the solvent is a liquid. Sugar crystals dissolved in water is an example of a solution where the solute is a solid and the solvent is liquid. Acetic acid is miscible in water, forming a solution commonly known as vinegar. In this case, both the solute and the solvent are liquids. The solubility of solute in a solvent depends on various parameters, such as temperature, pressure, the nature of the solute, and the nature of the solvent. Considering these parameters, identify the statements that are correct for the solubility of a solute in a solvent. Check all that apply Zinc sulfate is soluble in water Gases are readily soluble in water at higher temperatures Carbon dioxide gas will be more soluble in water when the partial pressure is high Table salt dissolves in water to form a solution Methanol and octane are miscible

Explanation / Answer

The answers to be above given problems are as below,

Part A)

Carbon dioxide gas is more soluble in water as partial pressure increase.

Gases are compressible, hence increasing pressure also increases the amount of gas dissolved. Therefore solubility increase with pressure.

Table salt dissolves in water to form a solution

Table salt in NaCl. The cation Na+ and anion Cl- of table salt binds to the -ve oxygen and +ve hydrogen of the water molecule during the process of dissolution.

Part B) The stepwise dissolution of NaCl in water will be,

Figure 1 : first step

Figure 3 and figure 4 : second step

Figure 2 : Last step

Part C) For an endothermic reaction, heat is absorbed during the reaction to form product. Thus, as external heat either in the form of direct heating the reaction mixture or stirring (agitattion) is added, the reaction goes faster, more for during the prior case then for the latter one. An increase in the surface area also leads to increase in reaction rate. The rate of dissolution of NaCl salt thus in water will follow the following order.

Faster dissolution process

NaCl salt is added to water, and salt the solution is heated

NaCl salt is added to water, and the solution is stirred

Finely powdered NaCl salt is added to water

A large piece of NaCl salt is added to water

NaCl salt is added to water, and the salt solution is cooled

Slower dissolution process

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