45. Which of the following would be good biogeographic evidence in support of th

Question

45.    Which of the following would be good biogeographic evidence in support of the idea that species can evolve into new species. a) a species of rodent on the Galapagos is very different from other rodents on the adjacent South American mainland, but is identical to a species found on islands in Southeast Asia

         b) all populations of a species of lizard on different islands of the Galapagos are identical c) a species of frog on an island in Lake Michigan is very similar to a different species of frog on the Michigan mainland

         d) a camel species in Africa is identical to a fossil camel found in the same area

46.    You find two types of birds in a meadow. They are very similar in appearance but you can distinguish them by the presence of a colored tuft of feathers on the head that is found only in one type. You observe that individuals from the different types sometimes mate with each other. You keep track of nests in which these matings occur and find that the eggs never hatch. According to the Biological Species Concept a) these different types are different species because they don’t produce viable offspring

                        b) these different types are the same species because they look similar c) these different types belong to the same species because they occur in the same area d) these different types belong to the same species because mate with each other  

28.    You have two populations, population 1 maintains a constant size of 250 individuals from generation to generation, population 2 maintains a constant size of 5000 individuals from generation to generation. Which of the following would be true about the affects of genetic drift in these populations a) it would occur in population 1 but not in population 2 b) it would occur in population 2 but not in population 1

       c) it would occur in both populations, but cause more rapid change in population 2   d) it would not affect either population e) it would occur in both populations, but cause more rapid change in population 1

29.    S17. (Information on this was provided in the Natural Selection problem set so you are responsible for it) The theory of uniformitarianism stated that most of the geological features of the earth   a) have been uniform since the earth formed b) remain uniform and unchanged for many hundreds of millions of years c) have been formed by the action of the same geological forces acting today d) have been formed by very powerful forces that no longer act today.

30.    Mutation a) is the most important cause of genetic drift from generation to generation b) generates genetic variation in populations c) is an important force changing allele frequencies from one generation to the next d) a & b e) b & c

31.    The most important mechanism which produces genetic drift is a) taking a finite sample of gametes from the gene pool b) individuals of different genotypes having different fitnesses c) individuals of one population moving to another population and mating at random d) random mutations.

32.    In a species which exhibits population structure which of the following statements is not true?

         a) genetic drift will tend to cause the populations to diverge genetically b) different patterns of fitness among genotypes in different populations will cause the populations to diverge genetically c) migration among populations will cause populations to diverge genetically d) random mutations will cause populations to diverge genetically.

33.    Selection must be occurring in a population a) when there is phenotypic variation b) when allele frequencies fluctuate from generation to generation c) when different genotypes result in different phenotypes which differ in reproductive fitness d) when population size is small e) all of the above

34.    In a population genetics context, migration a) tends to cause populations of a species to diverge from each other genetically b) results in the exchange of genes between populations c) involves the movement of all of the individuals of one population to a new area that contains no individuals of the same species

         d) causes a reduction in genetic variation in a population receiving new migrants.

35.    You start with 100 independent demes of a species between which there is no migration. Each populaiton consists of 100 individuals. All of the populations start with allele frequencies of alleles A and a of 0.5. Over time you would expect a) the mean allele frequency of the 100 populations to increase toward 1 for the A allele b) the variance of allele frequencies among the 100 populations to increase over time c) that some populations would eventually go to a frequency of 1 for the A allele and some would go to a frequency of 1 for the a allele d) a & c e) b & c.   

36.    In the US sickle-cell anemia a) is under stabilizing selection b) is under directional selection c) exhibits heterozygote advantage d) does not exist.  

37. Over time, which of the following evoutionary forces will tend to reduce genetic variation in a population a) directional selection b) genetic drift c) heterozygote advantage d) a & c e) a & b.

38.    NC. Human birth weight appears to be undergoing a) directional selection b) disruptive selection          c) genetic drift d) stabilizing selection.

39.    S17. Information on the population bottleneck effect and the founder effect was provided in the Problem Set 8 Addendum included at the beginning of Problem Set 9, so you are responsible for it. We also discussed the effect that the strong genetic drift acting in small zoo populations could have on the level of genetic variation in the population. Hunting a population to near extinction (bottleneck) so that only a few survivors remained could have a similar effect.

         Elephant seals were hunted nearly to extinction in the early 1900’s. Population size was reduced to only a few individuals. Under protection from hunting the population size of this species has risen to thousands of individuals. If you examined the genes of elephant seals today you would expect a) that the level of genetic variation would be very high since population size is high b) that the level of genetic variation would be low due to the bottleneck effect c) that genetic variation would be high in spite of the bottleneck effect since mutation during the past several decades would have restored all of the genetic variation lost during the bottleneck event.

40.    In a very large population there are three genotypes AA, Aa and aa. The relative fitnesses of the genotypes are such that fitness aa < fitness Aa > fitness AA. Over time you would expect a) the a allele to be eliminated from the population b) the A allele to be eliminated from the population c) eventually no individuals in the population will be genotype Aa d) a or b could occur   e) both the a and A alleles will remain in the population.

Explanation / Answer

29.    S17. (Information on this was provided in the Natural Selection problem set so you are responsible for it) The theory of uniformitarianism stated that most of the geological features of the earth:

c) have been formed by the action of the same geological forces acting today

Uniformitarianism is a doctrine which states that geological features of the earth have been formed by the action of the same geological forces acting today. It is so because the situation of the present describes more about the past.As the Uniformitarianism suggests the slogan that " the present is the key to the past", it explains that the geological features of earth in present is because of the past.

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