14.Describe the role of the malate aspartate shuttle (22.8) in moving cytosolic
ID: 86551 • Letter: 1
Question
14.Describe the role of the malate aspartate shuttle (22.8) in moving cytosolic NADH into the mitochondria and transporting aspartate out of the mitochondria
15: Describe the role of anaerobic glycolysis in the red blood cell
16: Determine the impact of glucagon, insulin, cortisol and epinephrine on the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue 17: Describe the roles and regulation of citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle
17: Describe the regulation of hexokinase/glucokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), and pyruvate kinase in glycolysis
18: Describe the synthesis and release of insulin from beta cells
Explanation / Answer
1. This shuttle is important since the inner mitochondrial membrane is not permeable to NADH, and NADH is the primary reducing agent in the electron transport chain. Thus, Malate carries NADH acting as a carrier to overcome this problem.
2. RBCs do not have the ability to completely oxidise glucose to form carbon dioxide and water. Also, RBCs lack mitochondria, which is the power house of a cell and provides energy by oxidation of fatty acids and complete oxidation of glucose. Thus, the RBCs use anaerobic glycolysis and produce lactate from pyruvate, which then gets excreted in the blood.
3. In response to insulin liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue increase the glucose uptake and utilisation.
Glucagon : activates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis during fasting, and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. Skeletal muscles do not have a glucagon receptor.
Cortisol : gluconeogenesis stimulation in liver . Mobilisation of amino acids from muscle protein is promoted . Fatty acids release from the adipose tissue is stimulated.
Epinephrine: production of glucose from liver glycogen is stimulated along with stimulation of glucose production from the skeletal muscles as well as fatty acids from adipose tissue.
4. Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase are positive regulators of the TCA cycle.
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