Where translation begins on mRNA_____2. Contains a sequence of 3 bases coding fo

Question

Where translation begins on mRNA_____2. Contains a sequence of 3 bases coding for theposition of an amino acid in the assembly of a protein_____3. Enzymes that assemble the nucleotides of DNAinto chains_____4. Sequence of 3 bases on tRNA that locates thecodon on the mRNA at the ribosome_____5. Mutation consisting of replacement of 1nucleotide and its base pair_____6. Formation of mRNA from the genetic informationcontained in DNA_____7. Enzymes that bind short strands of DNA togetherinto longer strands_____ 8. Pieces of an mRNA molecule that are splicedout of the molecule before it leaves the nucleus_____9. Extra non-coding nucleotides at the ends of amRNA molecule  which protect it from degradation_____10. Product of transcription_____ 11. Small segments of DNA that can move fromone region of the chromosome to another_____ 12. One of these is specific for each of the 20 amino acids______ 13. The first step in protein synthesis whereinmRNA, tRNA, and the ribosome combine_____ 14. The probability of a gene mutation each time acell divides_____ 15. Usually results from an addition or deletion of abase pair

A.  anticodonB. DNA ligasesC. tRNAD. rRNAE. promoter siteF. frameshift mutationG. transcriptionH. translationI. transposonsJ. DNA polymerasesK. mutation rate L. stop codonM. mRNAN. missense mutationO. codonP. base substitutionQ. cap and tailR. intronsS. initiationT. start codon

Explanation / Answer

1) Start codon. The ribosome assembles around the target mRNA. The first tRNA is attached at the start codon.

2) Codon . A sequence of three bases on tRNA that locates the codon on the mRNA at the ribosome. A sequence of bases that does not code for amino acid, but that terminates the protein or polypeptide chain.

3) DNA polymerases.   DNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules. These enzymes are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule.

4) Anticodon. The anticodon forms three base pairs with a codon in mRNA during protein biosynthesis.

5) Base substitution. Replacement of an amino acid radically changes the shape of the protein or the active site.

6) Transcription. Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

7) DNA ligases.   DNA ligase is a specific type of enzyme, that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.

8) Introns. The genes have introns, noncoding sequencences of nucleotides and spliced out of the initial RNA transcript to produce mRNA.

9)  cap and tail.   they help protect the mRNA from degradation by hydroyltic enzymes.5' cap: modified nucleotide linked in a special way to the mRNA -- protects the 5' end from exonuclease degradation and poly-A tail: protects the 3' end from exonuclease degradation.

10) RNA( mRNA,rRNA,tRNA).   During transcription, a portion of the cell's DNA serves as a template for creation of an RNA molecule.

11)  transposons. Transposons, are small segments of DNA that can move from one region of DNA to another, to another DNA molecule.

13) Translation.   Translation is carried out on ribosomes, with tRNAs serving as adaptors between the mRNA template and the amino acids being incorporated into protein. Protein synthesis thus involves interactions between three types of RNA molecules (mRNA templates, tRNAs, and rRNAs).

14) Mutation rate. mutation rate is a measure of the rate at which various types of mutations occur over time.

15) Frameshift mutation.   This type of mutation occurs when the addition or loss of DNA bases changes a gene's reading frame.

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