-The antagonistic action of hormones is essential to many processes in plants an
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Question
-The antagonistic action of hormones is essential to many processes in plants and animals.
A. Discuss how apical dominance is controlled by antagonistic hormones in plants
B. Discuss how the antagonistic action of hormones is responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels in animals.
-Plants and animals both have to aquire nutrients from their environment. Among these essential nutrients are carbon, nitrogen, and water.
C. Where/how do plants and animals get these required nutrients? Your answer should include a brief description of the system(s) involved in both the aquisition of nutrients and the transport of nutrients throughout the organism.
D. How do plants and animals convert the carbon they obtain into the cellular energy of ATP? Your answer should include how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are involved in this process.
Explanation / Answer
A) Plant hormones via contradictary functionalities maintains the growth process. Auxin shows apical dominance it mans it causes growth in apical meristem and inhibits lateral growth . if auxin and cytokinin are present in equal prportions then normal growth will occur as they are antagonistic to each other.. cytokinin when present in higher concentration will devolop bud outgrowth.
B) Insulin and glucagon are antagonistics hormones to each other.
Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone secreted from alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans, it contains 29 amino acids. The function of glucagon is opposite to insulin. it stimulates glycogenolysis in liver and increases bloos sugar level. it stimulates neoglucogenesis from protein and lipids. it activates lipase enzyme in adipose cells , as a result more fatty acid is produced to provide energy. it inhibits the storage of triglycerides in liver. it stimulates the secretion of bile and inhibits gastric secretion.hyper activity of glucagon causes hyperglycaemia and hypoactivity of glucagon causes hypoglycaemia.
Insulin is secreted from the betacells of islets of langerhans , it is a protein hormone containing 50 amino acids.
It helps in the absorption of glucose from intestine. It helps cell to cell transport of glucose. it helps in oxidation of sugar through Kreb' s cycle. it helps in glycogenesis by stimulating glucokinase and glycogen synthetase enzyme activities in liver and muscle cells. insulin helps in the storage of glycogen in liver and muscle. it prevents neoglucogenesis. it helps in the synthesis and storage of lipids.
So we can see on blood sugar , glucagon and insulin have dual/antagonistics control. glucagon increases blood sugar level , whereas insulin performs exactly the opposite function.
C) Animals recieve required nutrients through complex foods which via cellular respiration mechanism breaks down into smaller molecules for assimilation.It happens through the digestive system. The systen in the animal body which is concerned with the ingestion and digestion of food , absorption of digested foodand engestion of undigested parts of food is called alimentation or digestive system. The circulatory system (blood) helps in transportation of nutrients to each cells.
plants recieve nutrition from soil and air. the water with minerals travels upwards to the leaves. This is called Ascent of sap. The sap travels through connective tissue, the food made in leaves are distributed via phloem.
D) The physiological process by which green plants synthesize carbohydrates with the helpof chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight taking carbon di oxide and water from air and soil respectively with the release of oxygen and wateras by products is called photosynthesis.
the process by which caron of carbon di oxide in air is assimilated to form glucose is called carbon assimilation. photosynthesis is a type of carbon assimilation.
Plants convert the acquired carbonor fixes the carbon in RUBISCO pathway.
the acquired carbon in animals are transformed into energy via several pathways inside the mitochondria of the cell.
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