Please help to answer the following questions. pKa and Degree of Ionization. Giv

Question

Please help to answer the following questions.

pKa and Degree of Ionization.

Given Equations:

Final equations:

Question 1: Show (derive) how you can get Equation for Percent Ionization (base) from the Given equations.

Question 2: Complete the table:

Question 3: Interpret the table

Please help to answer the following questions. pKa and Degree of Ionization. Given Equations: pH=pKa + log([A-]/[HA]) for weak acids pH= pKa + log([B]/[BH+]) for weak bases percent ionization= [ I/(I+N) ] x100 , where I=ionized moiety, N= nonionized moiety Final equations: Percent ionization (acid) = 100/{1+ antilog(pKa-pH)} Percent Ionization (base) = 100/{1+antilog(pH-pKa)} Question 1: Show (derive) how you can get Equation for Percent Ionization (base) from the Given equations. Question 2: Complete the table: Question 3: Interpret the table

Explanation / Answer

A simple way to understand an ionization constant is to think of it in a clear-cut way: To what degree will a substance produce ions in water? In other words, to what extent will ions be formed?

Introduction

Water has a very low concentration of ions that are detectable. Water undergoes self-ionization, where two water molecules interact to from a hydronium ion and a hydroxide ion.

H2O+H2O?H3O++OH?

To understand this process in further detail, we can take a closer look.

Even though water does not form a lot of ions, the existence of them is evident as is proved by the electrical conductivity of pure water. Water undergoes ionization because the powerfully electronegative oxygen atom takes the electron from a hydrogen atom, making the proton dissociate.

H?O?H?H++OH?

with two ions are formed:

The hydrogen ions then react with water to form hydronium ions:

H++H2O?H3O+

Now, we since we have seen the break down of the process, this brings us back to our first analysis of self-ionization. Typically, hydrogen atoms are bonded with another water molecule resulting in a hydration that forms a hydronium and hydroxide ion.

H2O+H2O?H3O++OH?

In 1L of pure water at 25 degrees Celsius, there is 10-7 moles of hyrodronium ions or hydroxide ions at equilibrium. Let

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