Handwrite the answers (outline, bullet points, or essay-style answers) to all qu
ID: 85017 • Letter: H
Question
Handwrite the answers (outline, bullet points, or essay-style answers) to all questions in the space provided on the exam packet. You may continue answers on the back of the page. Also, you can illuminate your work with illustrations, drawings, photos, prints (no more than the exam packet and THREE additional pages). Refer your class lecture notes, study guides, the Evolution, Making Sense of Life text, (especially chapters 16, 17, and 18), Dan Leiberman's The Story of the Human Body, the Your Inner Fish text and video series (video available online at HHMI), as well as legitimate internet sources like Wikipedia (watch out for Creationist sites). Trace the evolutionary history and adaptive significance of each of the following human adaptive complexes or deep adaptations. (adaptative complexes that we modern humans have inherited from our deep evolutionary past). In other words, develop an illustrated illuminated handwritten account that traces the evolutionary history of each complex across deep time. Human Hearing system (focus on the evolution of the mammalian hearing system) Human Vision system (stereoscopic, retinal fovea, trichromatic color vision) The Human Hand(with long, strong opposable thumb, short fingers, nails backing tactile pads with dermatoglyphs, precision and power grip, etc.)Explanation / Answer
Human hearing system:
The pivotal points in the evolution of the human hearing system over the years are mainly due to two reasons first being the number of ear ossicles which is three in case of humans but before it was only one as in the case of reptiles and birds. The only middle ear ossicle present in the case of birds etc. Is either stapes or collumela. But in case of humans there are two more ear ossicles incus and malleus. And the other second major change over the period was the jaw joint articulation in the upper and lower jaw joint in the non-mammalian vertebrates having jaw. And after various developmental studies and comparative studies the homology between the malleus and incus was found with the articulation bones of the jaw the quadrate and articular bone forming middle ear ossicles in mammals. Whereas in non-mammalian vertebrates they were the upper and lower jaw joining articulation bones. These evolutionary changes were taken place over hundred of years and also studies using fossils evidence.
Human vision system:
Human eye has gone through a lot of evolutionary changes over the period of time. The stereovision, retinal fovea and trichomatic color vision will be explained here. The stereovision is the vision of the two separate eyes left and right which is frontally placed in the case of humans, the vision from the left eye and the vision from the right eye is joined together or you can say processed by brain to form a final image. The retinal fovea which is a bordered pit, helps in sharp vision and evolved over the period of time to sharpen the image formed which is of prime use to humans while studying or driving etc. The trichomatic color vision which is possible due to the cone cells present in fovea of retina. The light when strikes the eye there is opsin photopigment. But this photopigment has changed over the evolution from c-opsin to r-opsin which is present in human and works a bit differently that from c-opsin. The photoreceptors cone cells absorb different absorption spectra and r-opsin helps in processing the image formed by the retina. The image formed after the combination of these three characteristics will be covering a large surface area , sharp image, and with color balance or you can say a colorful picture in three-dimensional view. These features will help in better survival of human race.
Human hand:
The evolutionary changes in the human hand are majorly compared with there ancestors chimpanzee. The changes were the fingers were short , there is a strong long opposable thumb, nail bedding tactile pads, dermatoglyphs which has a forensic significance as well and precision and power grip. The major part in evolution is the opposable thumb and dermatoglyphics present. These two will provide with better grip and important and throwing, clubbing other activities important for the survival. As humans have bipedal gait the better or precised grip will help in holding things. And writing and other activities by combination of opposable thumb and dermatoglyphics will be easy. The clubbing and throwing grip stands a great importance in evolution.These evolutions were found important as per many paleoanthroplogical studies.
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