. Fred has chronic emphysema. Describe in detail the etiology and clinical manif
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Question
. Fred has chronic emphysema. Describe in detail the etiology and clinical manifestations of this pathological condition.
Blood tests indicate that his pH is low (though, almost normal), but his bicarbonate levels are significantly elevated. Explain in detail how this may occur in a patient with his condition. (lung alveolar compliance; hypercapnia; respiratory acidosis vs. alkalosis, etc.)
What would urinalysis indicate? (Be specific regarding alkalosis/acidosis)
Plz can you supply links for the answer i need to use it in a paper i'm writing
Explanation / Answer
Ques-1: Fred has chronic emphysema. Describe in detail the etiology and clinical manifestations of this pathological condition.
Answer:
Aetiology:
Chronic emphysema is characterised by breakdown of the lungs (decreased surface area) elastic structure and deterioration of walls of respiratory structures including bronchioles and alveoli.
Clinical manifestations:
The nutrient intake in patients with respiratory failure increases due to excess working of muscles to breathe more. Due to the decreased surface area, patients may suffer from dyspnea (shortness of breath), which impairs the food intake and reduces exercise tolerance. The structural changes of lungs, the abdominal volume decreases, this also causes early satiety. It is treatable and preventable disease which is characterised by slowly progressive persistent airflow limitation. It is associated with enhanced chronic inflammatory response of lungs and airways to the noxious particles which are primarily caused by cigarettes smoking.
Ques-2: Blood tests indicate that his pH is low (though, almost normal), but his bicarbonate levels are significantly elevated. Explain in detail how this may occur in a patient with his condition. (lung alveolar compliance; hypercapnia; respiratory acidosis vs. alkalosis, etc.)
The above patient has high respiratory acids as it can be observed with low pH in which, characteristic difficulty in breathing out than breathing in due to low level of lung alveolar compliance. This is because of the structural damage caused to the lung structures. The lining of air sacs is destroyed in COPD, which creates air pockets in lungs, when air is inhaled with more CO2 (hypercapnia); it gets trapped in these air pockets (means increased compliance due to loss of elastic recoiling) and is difficult to exhale. Most people with emphysema use accessory muscles to breath, which is characteristic of breathing problem.
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