What is the difference between detoxification and bioactivation? Give an example
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Question
What is the difference between detoxification and bioactivation? Give an example of each.
What is the meaning of dose response? Describe the assumptions underlying this concept.
In the human body, the biotransformation process occurs at different rates for different people. Explain why this occurs by describing one important factor which most likely affects how quickly a chemical is biotransformed and eliminated by the body.
The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Compound X states that the oral LD50 is 1000 mg/kg. Define LD50. Explain what this value indicates about the toxicity of Compound X.
Explain why exposure to a compound at different times during pregnancy can result in different organ effects.
The MSDS of Chemical X states that it is “irritating to eye and skin”. Please choose either eye or skin and describe how a chemical is determined to cause ocular or dermal irritation. Are these tests relevant to human eye/skin reactions? Explain.
Explanation / Answer
Hi Answer:
Q.What is the difference between detoxification and bioactivation? Give an example of each.
Answer: Detoxification
The detoxification process is the type of treatment which is given to the illness which is caused by the accumulation of toxic (harmful) substances in the body. During this treatment the toxic substances are slowly removed from the body and it is also made sure that new toxic substance will not again accumulate in the body.
Fasting is the best way of detoxification of body. Heavy metal poisoning is the example of accumulation of toxins in the body. These heavy metals can be easily detoxify by taking fasting one or two days in a week.
Bioactivation
This is the process of activation of some biological compounds inside the body to initiate the detoxification of many toxin present in the body. Studies showed that the CYP450 and peroxidase enzyme systems are the most important groups of enzymes which involved in bioactivation, these enzymes either produce metabolites (electrophilic & redical) which further reduce the toxins present in body.
Q.What is the meaning of dose response? Describe the assumptions underlying this concept.
Answer:
Dose response is the process of optimization of the quantity or dise of particular medicine is sufficient for particular disease. In this technique the therapy starts from the lower dose volume or quantity and the response of that dose is evaluated and on the bases of the evaluation results the dose quantity is further increased. It is observed the doses lower than the threshold produce no response while those are over the threshold limit they have some effect. The dose response curve is usually hyperbolic (Linear X-axis) and sigmoid (vs the log of the dose).
The assumption behind the Dose response concept is that when a chemical is administrated in the body, there is certain molecular sits where this chemical interacts and produce the response. The response is usually is a function of the compound at the site of action. It is measured or quantified by the effects extorted on the body or organs , effect on DNA, liver etc or inhibiting the release of specific enzyme.
Q.In the human body, the biotransformation process occurs at different rates for different people. Explain why this occurs by describing one important factor which most likely affects how quickly a chemical is biotransformed and eliminated by the body.
Answer:Biotransformation is the process of chances or transformation of some toxic substances of the body into non harmful or less toxic substances with help of certain reactions which are catalyzed by the enzymes produced inside the human body.
The biotransformation rate in human varies from person to person because as described it depends on the enzymatic reactions inside the body. In every human being the metabolism rate and gene expression level of each gene is different. The gene expression level and metabolism rate depends on the on the different factors such feeding habits, hereditary etc. So as the production of enzyme is different so the rate of biotransformation is also different. Some people have high metabolic rate they can detoxify or biotransform toxic substances in less time whereas in certain humans have low metabolic rate and gene expression they have less biotransformation rate.
Q. The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Compound X states that the oral LD50 is 1000 mg/kg. Define LD50. Explain what this value indicates about the toxicity of Compound X.
Answer:
LD stand for the Lethal dose. Means the dose of a toxic substance which can kill or lethal for the organism (Animal). LD 50 means the dose of toxic substance (given in the form of one dose) which kill 50 % of the test animals. This technique is used to determine the short time poisoning potential of a material. The lower the LD50 value the more toxic the chemical and vice a versa. As it is given that Compound X states that the oral LD50 is 1000 mg/kg. means (1 gram/kg) when we will give this amount of compound of X to organisms, then only the half of the population of these organism will die. According to the finding it can be concluded that the Compound X is not so much toxic in nature. Because I gram amount per kg is very high quantity we have to add to kill 50% of population.
Q. Explain why exposure to a compound at different times during pregnancy can result in different organ effects.
Answer:
At the time of pregnancy there is formation of different body organs took place at different times, we can say that in complete pregnancy tenure the babies body formation is a multistep process. At particular time of pregnancy a particular body organ is formed.
So when we have exposure of different substance at different time of pregnancy, it means these substances directly affect on that organs of body which was being formed at the time of exposure.
In other words we can explain this as follows: at the time of 3 month pregnancy mother is exposed to a toxic substance then this toxic substance will affect only upon the organs which were formed at the time of 3 month of pregnancy. And when she agin got exposure at 7 month then the next affect will be on the organs which will formed during 7 month
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