Use the following equation to help answer this question: calculate) Where, PO, i

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Use the following equation to help answer this question: calculate) Where, PO, is the pressure of oxygen at the surface of an organism expressed in atmospheres, vo, is the rate of oxygen consumption in ml o2 per gram of body tissue per minute, r is the radius of a sphere, and K is the diffusion constant developed by E. N. Harvey, a marine biologist. Also assume the following information about the organism under consideration: It is a perfect sphere with a radius of 1 cm It has an O, consumption rate of 0.001 ml o, gl min 1. von ool mcov a 1 m It has a diffusion constant of 11 x 10-6 cm2 atm 1 min In addition, you may assume: 1 gram of tissue is equivalent to 1 ml. 1 atm 760 mm Hg. By using Harvey's equation and other relevant information you have learned in class: Explain why there was an evolutionary pressure for animals to evolve specialized organs (and organ systems or respiration and circulation Show ALL your work, thinking, and rationale for full credit Hint: think about using the numerical answer you calculate using Harvey's equation to help provide evidence that supports a major concept (or concepts) you learned in class.

Explanation / Answer

Evolution is a natural process and it is all depends on the relationship of an organism with the nature it lives. We as animals, especially mammals have passes millions of years before come to human existence and this is the superior form of structure to exist in life form.

Discussing here the evolutionary process from the equation is thus challenging as well as interesting. Causes in nature that reduces reproductive success leads towards the term evolutionary pressure or selective pressure to make sure the survival of the fittest. In the same way here we are evolving and adopting there is the selection pressure on our organ systems, the major systems of respiratory and circulatory organs.

Ambient oxygen tension (PO2) fluctuated through the ages in correlation with biodiversity and body size, as we have evolved from the anoxic condition, so coping up with the environment was a necessity. Habit and habitats have changed our body and types to use, gills, tracheae, lungs and also there is co-existence and simultaneous existence of the type of it. The mechanism was to make an effort that would help ease our body in a homeostatic condition through adaptions, for example toward larger diffusion interfaces, thinner barriers. All of these was to reduce the tension and lessen the diffusive resistances, comprise the “oxygen cascade”—step-down of PO2 that balances supply against toxicity.

E. Newton Harvey (1928) developed the following equation, here is to make known the oxygen concentration is required to supply to a spherical organism with oxygen by diffusion: S = Cr2/ 6K, he uses this hypothetical equation to show that survival of organism by diffusion alone would take an slower metabolic rate, there to conserve energy and keep a synergy with homeostasis. At the same time higher organism would have higher respiratory rate to help maintain their need for oxygen too.

When we are discussion about our respiratory system we also have simultaneous connection with the circulatory system. Because there is the true connection as body organs like heart, brain, veins and other pulmonary systems have their system continuous and running. So counting from the evolutionary history we have always been adapting to our environment, tissue and pressure on it, oxygen consumption and the energy supply throughout the body.

A liquid medium like blood and plasma portion of it was required to mention the quasi-steady-state inside the body, to help mention homeostasis as well as thermoregulation, so regulating blood we needed to have our heart to be separated into chambers to move the blood upward and downward. A continuum was established when we were adapted from the sea environment to the lands, the kinds of amphibians were started evolving shows the primary type of circulatory system, then the evolution took the higher organism evolve part. We as animals were adjusting with our diet, so the selection process have developed organs along with the circulation process and then vessels and capillaries are there to keep the blood in loop and circulating the nutrients.

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