What are the different energy sources used by a cell to drive an active transpor

Question

What are the different energy sources used by a cell to drive an active transport? What are the main features of ion channels? What factors control the selectivity of ion channels? (Know features of channels and transporters and distinction between them) Which channel maintains the membrane potential of a resting cell? How is an action potential generated in cell? Which event triggers the initial depolarization in an action potential? Which channels are involved in the initial and subsequent depolarization event and which channels are involved in the gradual decay of the action potential back to the resting membrane potential? How is the electrical signal in the presynaptic neuron converted into a chemical one in the synapse? What happens in the postsynaptic neuron/muscle cell when the excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to the receptors of the postsynaptic neuron? Name three excitatory and two inhibitory neurotransmitters. Which ions are transported by these receptors for these neurotransmitters? Concept of genome, phenotype and genotype What are the features of a retrotransposon? What are the features of a DNA only transposon and a retrotransposon? Which enzymes do retrovirus carry and which enzyme/s it do/does not carry (but uses it from the host cell)? What are LINES and SINES? Which one of these does not code for reverse transcriptase? What are the different types of repetitive DNA sequences present in human genome? Are there any noncoding DNA sequences present in human genome that are not part of introns? If yes, what are their functions? Give an example of SINES in human genome

Explanation / Answer

Answer : In active transport, the molecules can be moved from a region of their lower concentration to higher concentration across a cell membrane in the direction against concentration gradient. In passive transport, kinetic enrgy can be used for movement of molecules down a gradient. In active transport, the cell needs some high concentrations of molecules such as ions, glucose, and aminoacids. If this process uses chemical energy such as ATP, it is termed as primary active transport. Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient to move molecules against their gradient, and thus does not require chemical energy like ATP.

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