How is a genetic disease like muscular dystrophy different from cancer Explain c

Question

How is a genetic disease like muscular dystrophy different from cancer Explain clonal expansion model for cancer Is cancer a hereditary disease? What are types of cancer-causing genes? Explain how they work? Why evolution has not made DNA replication perfect? What are the two types of familial kinds of colon cancer and how do they differ? Explain DNA mismatch repair Describe colorectal pathway and describe the genes involved In the pathway Describe P53 mutation in different types of cancer Name the genes regulated by p53 What causes leukemia Explain how Gleevec works?

Explanation / Answer

Ans. 21

Leukemia is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow produces an excessive number of abnormal (leukemic) white blood cells. These abnormal cells suppress the production of normal white blood cells, whi

Causes: Exposure to high doses of radiation or to benzene (found in unleaded gasoline, tobacco smoke, chemical production facilities, family history
Genetic abnormality, such as an abnormality on chromosome 22 (also known as the Philadelphia chromosome)
genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi anemia

Gleevec is a type of cancer drug fight cancer by turning off an enzyme that causes cells to become cancerous and multiply. protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, the constitutive abnormal tyrosine kinase created by the Philadelphia chromosome abnormality in CML.

Ans. 20 The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53 (or p53). This protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way.

Ans 19. In normal cell p53 regulates cell growth by controlling cell proliferation and cell death.
Mutation in p53lead to loss of growyh supressive functioning leading to uncontrolled growth
Mutated p53 does not arrest the cell cycle. Damaged cell continues to divide which may result in cancer.

Ans 18.Colorectal cancer (also known as colon cancer, rectal cancer, or bowel cancer) is the development of cancer in the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

Pathwayincludes the management of colo-rectal patients and giving them best treatment this includes chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy

It may include Neoadjuvant chemotherapy means chemotherapy before surgery or adjuvant chemotherapy i.e. chemotherapy after surgery and before surgery and cincurrent chemotherapy also i.e chemo with radiation.

Genes involved are K –RAS, N-RAS, ERPR etc.

Ans 17. DNA mismatch repair is a process or system for recognizing and repairing wrong insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that occurs during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage.

Mismatch repair is strand-specific. During DNA synthesis the newly synthesised (daughter) strand will commonly include errors. In order to begin repair, the mismatch repair machinery distinguishes the newly synthesised strand from the template (parental).

Ans . 16 1.Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited condition in which numerous adenomatous polyps form mainly in the epithelium of the large intestine. While these polyps start out benign, malignant transformation into colon cancer occurs when left untreated.

2. Lynch syndrome (HNPCC or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer ) is an autosomal dominant genetic condition that has a high risk of colon cancer[1] as well as other cancers including endometrial cancer (second most common), ovary, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract, brain, and skin. The increased risk for these cancers is due to inherited mutations that impair DNA mismatch repair.

Ans 14. Three types of cancer causing genes

Oncogenes promote cell proliferation and stop cell death, at times resulting in cancer
Tumor suppressor genes – These protective genes normally limit the development and/or growth of tumors; when a tumor suppressor gene is mutated, it may fail to prevent a cancer from growing.
DNA mismatch repair genes – These genes maintain integrity of the genome and the fidelity of information transfer from one generation of cells to the next; loss of function of DNA mismatch repair genes could make a cell error-prone.

Ans . 13 No cancer is not a heridetry disease but sometimes it may also relate to family history.

Ans. 11 Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of muscle diseases that weaken the musculoskeletal system and hamper locomotion. Muscular dystrophies are characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle cells and tissue

And Cancer, also known as a malignant tumor or malignant neoplasm, is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[1][2] Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.

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