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Organic Experiments_v3.pdf - Microsoft Edge online.ksu.edu/COMS/player/content/_16794/content/Modules/Organic%20Experiments-v3.pdf 10 of 13 Procedure You need a pot or vessel (made from steel, enamel, glass or plastic) with a volume of at least 500mL. This pot must have a lid. Alternatively, you can cover it with plastic wrap Fill 100mL of cold water in the vessel, add 10g of sugar (any sugar will do, but brown cane sugar (that's the usual brown sugar in the US, nothing expensive is needed) is the best for this experiment). Add one package of dry yeast, stir with a spoon and cover your vessel. This mixture should be left alone for 12h, then 5 mL of benzaldehyde is added at once and the vessel is covered again (that's very important, we must retain the anaerobic reaction conditions) 10 The benzaldehyde is partially immiscible with the sugar/water solution and forms droplets (see video of experiment 10). Allow the yeast to reduce the benzaldehyde for another 12h Benzalcohol will form a layer on top of the water/yeast mixture. Use a pipette to get a sample of the benzalcohol and send it back to us (label the vial '"P10") alcohol dehydrogenase OH t O Ask me anything 12:52 PM 12/16/2015

Explanation / Answer

Microorganisms have been used as tools for the production of products for millennia.

Containing minerals, vitamins and amino acids, yeast offers many benefits.

These indispensable elements for a healthy organism give yeast a crucial role in our diet and balance. For example, yeast and its derivatives are used in food supplements to complement our diet, ensure our well-being and help to improve our health.

Yeast is also used in other sectors such as animal foods or cosmetics.

The advantages of bacteria are speed and cheap production. Thus it's usually the first choice. On the other hand, they lack most of the PTMs, as mentioned, there can be problems with the production (transmembrane proteins, disulfides, but with those it can be dealt with, or just simply it doesn't work), also they can contain some toxins which jeopardize the usage in humans.

Yeasts are slower, but the yields are usually higher and they contain PTMs, however, sometimes you can encounter e.g. hyperglycosylation. If that's problem, you need to go into system more resembling your origin species, i.e. animal or plant cell suspensions. In those you can expect the handling of the gene to resemble almost identically to that in the original species.

Respiration is the release of energy, usually from glucose, in the tissues of all animals, green plants, fungi and bacteria.

The most efficient form of respiration is aerobic respiration: this requires oxygen. When oxygen is not available, some organisms can respire anaerobically i.e. without air or oxygen. Yeast can respire in both ways. Yeast gets more energy from aerobic respiration, but when it runs out of oxygen it does not die.

It can continue to respire anaerobically, but it does not get so much energy from the sugar. Yeast produces ethanol (alcohol) when it respires anaerobically and ultimately the ethanol will kill the yeast.

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