Fill in the blank about Viruses . Doesn\'t need to be in detail. Just the main t

Question

Fill in the blank about Viruses . Doesn't need to be in detail. Just the main thing Infectious Disease Worksheet Prevention Treatment Virus or What happens? Organism Bacteria? How transmitted? Airborne viruses Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox & Vire shingles Influenza Measles rubeola)YMMR) Respiratory uja Syndromes ru> Viral pneumonial syncytial virus Rubella RSV (respiratory Viv ViFNy Smallpox Arboviruses: 3 types West Nile Virus Yellow fever Hemorrhagic fevers HIV (AIDS) Ebola Hantavirus Direct-contact viruses Herpes (HSV-1) HSV-2 Rabies

Explanation / Answer

Polio

Virus

fecal-oral (intestinal source) and the oral-oral (oropharyngeal source) routes

Two basic patterns of polio infection are described: a minor illness which does not involve the central nervous system (CNS), sometimes called abortive poliomyelitis, and a major illness involving the CNS, which may be paralytic or nonparalytic. Most patients with CNS involvement develop nonparalyticaseptic meningitis, with symptoms of headache, neck, back, abdominal and extremity pain, fever, vomiting, lethargy, and irritability. Depending on the site of paralysis, paralytic poliomyelitis is classified as spinal, bulbar, or bulbospinal.

Passive immunization and vaccination

Varicella zoster virus

Virus

The virus spreads in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread by touching or breathing in the virus particles that come from chickenpox blisters. Chickenpox can also be spread from people with shingles.

Chickenpox, which may result in complications including encephalitis,pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia), or bronchitis (either viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis). Other serious complications of varicella zoster infection include postherpetic neuralgia, Mollaret's meningitis, zoster multiplex, and inflammation of arteries in the brain leading to stroke,[4] myelitis, herpes ophthalmicus, or zoster sine herpete.

Vaccination and within the human body it can be treated by a number of drugs and therapeutic agents including acyclovir for the chicken pox, famciclovir, valaciclovir for the shingles, zoster-immune globulin (ZIG), and vidarabine. VZV immune globulin is also a treatment.

Influenza

Virus

By direct transmission (when an infected person sneezes mucus directly into the eyes, nose or mouth of another person); the airborne route (when someone inhales the aerosols produced by an infected person coughing, sneezing or spitting) and through hand-to-eye, hand-to-nose, or hand-to-mouth transmission, either from contaminated surfaces or from direct personal contact such as a hand-shake.

Common symptoms of the flu such as fever, headaches, and fatigue .

Vaccination and antiviral drugs like neuraminidase inhibitors and M2 inhibitors.

Measles

Virus

spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of those infected. It may also be spread through contact with saliva or nasal secretions.

four-day fevers (the 4 D's) and the three C's—cough, coryza (head cold, fever, sneezing), and conjunctivitis (red eyes)—along with fever and rashes. Complications with measles are relatively common, ranging from mild complications such as diarrhea to serious complications such aspneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia), bronchitis (either direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis), otitis media, acute brain inflammation (and very rarely SSPE—subacute sclerosing panencephalitis), andcorneal ulceration (leading to corneal scarring).

MMR vaccine and treatment with NSAIDs, antibiotics and antiemetics.

Respiratory syndrome

Virus

flu-like and may include fever, myalgia, lethargy symptoms, cough, sore throat, and other nonspecific symptoms. Shortness of breath may occur later. may occasionally lead to pneumonia, either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia.

Antibiotics (to treat bacteria that cause pneumonia), Antiviral medicines, High doses of steroids (to reduce swelling in the lungs) and Oxygen breathing support.

transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets (droplet spread) produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus also can spread when a person touches a surface or object contaminated with infectious droplets and then touches his or her mouth, nose, or eye(s).

Viral pneumonia

Virus

Coughing, sneezing, or touching a surface that has been contaminated by another infected person is the most common way to catch a virus that causes pneumonia.

Cough, fever, headache, muscle pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, constant fever of 102F, sweating, shaking or chills, blueness of the lips, and weakness.

Vaccination besides fever reducers like aspirin or ibuprofen, cough medicine, adequate amounts of rest, drinking plenty of fluids, oxygen therapy, breathing treatments, such as using a humidifier, pain medication to help deal with chest pain from frequent coughing.

Human respiratory syncytial virus

Virus

spreads easily by direct contact, and can remain viable for a half an hour or more on hands or for up to 5 hours on countertops.

Causes bronchiolitis or pneumonia, asthma, recurring infections and acute otitis media.

a moderately effective prophylactic drug, Adrenaline, bronchodilators, steroids, antibiotics, and ribavirin

Rubella

Virus

spread through the air via coughs of people who are infected

A rash may start on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. Swollen lymph nodes are common. A fever, sore throat, and fatigue may also occur. Low fever of less than 38.3 °C (101 °F), Posterior cervical lymphadenopathy, Brain infections, Bleeding problems, Birth Defects (Congenital), Cataracts, Glaucoma, Heart Defects, Hearing Loss.

MMR vaccine

Smallpox

Virus

Transmission occurs through inhalation of airborne variola virus, usually droplets expressed from the oral, nasal, or pharyngeal mucosa of an infected person.

Smallpox virus preferentially attacks skin cells, causing the characteristic pimples (called macules) associated with the disease. A rash develops on the skin 24 to 48 hours after lesions on the mucous membranes appear. Typically the macules first appear on the forehead, then rapidly spread to the whole face, proximal portions of extremities, the trunk, and lastly to distal portions of extremities.

Vaccination besides primarily supportive therapy, such as wound care and infection control, fluid therapy, and possible ventilator assistance.

Arbovirus

Virus

Arboviruses maintain themselves in nature by going through a cycle between a host, an organism that carries the virus, and a vector, an organism that carries and transmits the virus to other organisms.

For arboviruses, vectors are commonly mosquitoes, ticks,sandflies and other arthropods that consume the blood of vertebrates for nutritious or developmental purposes. Blood transfusions, organ transplantation, and the use ofblood products can transmit arboviruses if the virus is present in the donor's blood or organs.

resembling a flu-like illness include fever, headache, malaise, rash and fatigue. Rarely, vomiting and hemorrhagic fever may occur. The central nervous system can also be affected by infection, as encephalitis and meningitis are sometimes observed.

Vector control measures by insecticides, especially mosquito control, are essential to reducing the transmission of disease by arboviruses. protective measures such as sleeping undermosquito nets, wearing protective clothing, applying insect repellents such as permethrin and DEET to clothing and exposed skin, and (where possible) avoiding areas known to harbor high arthropod populations. Vaccines are also available.

West Nile virus

Virus

transmitted through female mosquitoes, which are the prime vectors of the virus. Only females feed on blood, and different species take a blood meal's from different types of vertebrate hosts. The important mosquito vectors vary according to geographical area; in the United States, Culex pipiens (Eastern United States, and urban and residential areas of the United States north of 36-39°N), Culex tarsalis (Midwest and West), and Culex quinquefasciatus(Southeast) are the main vector species.

high fever, headache, chills, excessive sweating, weakness, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, drowsiness, pain in the joints and flu-like symptoms.Gastrointestinal symptoms that may occur include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. Infection of the central nervous system results in meningitis,encephalitis, meningoencephalitis or a poliomyelitis-like syndrome often with lower motor neuronsymptoms, flaccid paralysis, and hyporeflexia with no sensory abnormalities. Nonneurologic complications of WNV infection that may rarely occur include fulminant hepatitis, pancreatitis, myocarditis, rhabdomyolysis, orchitis, nephritis, optic neuritis and cardiac dysrhythmias and hemorrhagic fever with coagulopathy.

Using insect repellent on exposed skin to repel mosquitoes. Wear long-sleeve shirts, which should be tucked in, long pants, socks, and hats to cover exposed skin. The application of permethrin-containing (e.g., Permanone) or other insect repellents to clothing, shoes, tents, mosquito nets, and other gear for greater protection.

Yellow fever

Virus

transmitted through the bite of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, but other mosquitoes such as the tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) can also serve as a vector for this virus.

mild infection with fever, headache, chills, back pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, muscle pain, nausea, and vomiting. Bleeding in the mouth, the eyes, and the gastrointestinal tract will cause vomit containing blood.

Institutional measures for prevention of yellow fever include vaccination programmes and measures of controlling mosquitoes.

Hemorrhagic fever

Virus

fever and increased susceptibility to bleeding (bleeding diathesis). Manifestations of VHF often also include flushing of the face and chest, small red or purple spots (petechiae), bleeding, swelling caused by edema, low blood pressure (hypotension), and shock. Malaise, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea occur frequently.

strict contact precautions, including hand hygiene, double gloves, gowns, shoe and leg coverings, and faceshield or goggles. No vaccine available.

HIV

Virus

transmitted primarily via unprotected sexual intercourse (including anal and oral sex), contaminated blood transfusions,hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding

Leads to immunodeficiency. influenza-like illness or a mononucleosis-like illness 2–4 weeks post exposure. Symptoms occur in 40–90% of cases and most commonly include fever, large tender lymph nodes,throat inflammation, a rash, headache, and/or sores of the mouth and genitals. Some people also develop opportunistic infections at this stage. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting or diarrhea may occur, as may neurological symptoms ofperipheral neuropathy or Guillain-Barre syndrome.

condom use, sexual abstinence, Comprehensive sexual education and post-exposure prophylaxis. The most effective vaccine trial to date, RV 144, was published in 2009 and found a partial reduction in the risk of transmission of roughly 30%.

Hantavirus

Virus

contact with rodent excrement, but recent human-to-human transmission has been reported with the Andes virus in South America.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses from the family Bunyaviridae. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome which include flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, myalgia, headache, and lethargy. It is characterized by a sudden onset of shortness of breath with rapidly evolving pulmonary edema

There is no known antiviral treatment, but natural recovery from the virus is possible with supportive treatment. Patients with suspected hantavirus are usually admitted to the hospital and given oxygen and mechanical ventilation support to help them breathe during the acute pulmonary stage. General prevention can be accomplished by disposing of rodent nests, sealing any cracks and holes in homes where mice or rats could get in, setting up traps, laying down poisons or using natural predators such as cats in the home.

Herpes Simplex

Virus

transmitted by direct contact with body fluids or lesions of an infected individual. Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. It may be spread to an infant during childbirth.

HSV-1 more commonly causes oral infections while HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. . Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat. Genital herpes, often simply known as herpes, may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers.

Use of condoms and antivirals. Certain dietary supplements and alternative remedies are claimed to be beneficial in the treatment of herpes e.g echinacea, eleuthero, L-lysine, zinc, monolaurin bee products, and aloe vera.

Rabies

Virus

spread through exposure to infected domestic farm animals, groundhogs, weasels, bears, and other wild carnivorans. Small rodents, such as squirrels,hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, chipmunks, rats, and mice, and lagomorphs such as rabbits and hares, are almost never found to be infected with rabies and are not known to transmit rabies to humans.

partial paralysis, anxiety, insomnia, confusion, agitation, abnormal behavior, paranoia, terror, and hallucinations, progressing to delirium. Hydrophobia ("fear of water") is the historic name for rabies and is commonly associated with furious rabies that affects 80% of the infected people.

Besides vaccination following precautionary measures are undertaken like Vaccinating dogs, cats, and ferrets against rabies, Keeping pets under supervision, Not handling wild animals or strays, Contacting an animal control officer upon observing a wild animal or a stray, especially if the animal is acting strangely and If bitten by an animal, washing the wound with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes and contacting a healthcare provider to determine if post-exposure prophylaxis is required.

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