Answer using information about both substances to support youranswer. 1.) the se

Question

Answer using information aboutboth substances to support youranswer. 1.) the second ionization energy ofK is greater than the second inoization energy of Ca.Why? . Account for the followingobservations using principles of atomic structure. 1.) THe difference between thwatomic radii of NA and K is relatively large compared to thedifference between the atomic radii of Rb and Cs. Why? 2.) A sample of nickel chloride isattracted into a magnetic field whereas a sample of zinc chlorideis not. Why? Answer using information aboutboth substances to support youranswer. 1.) the second ionization energy ofK is greater than the second inoization energy of Ca.Why? . Account for the followingobservations using principles of atomic structure. 1.) THe difference between thwatomic radii of NA and K is relatively large compared to thedifference between the atomic radii of Rb and Cs. Why? 2.) A sample of nickel chloride isattracted into a magnetic field whereas a sample of zinc chlorideis not. Why?

Explanation / Answer

[Ca has only two valence electron,whereas K has one in 3s. IE2 for Ca is very largesince the 2nd electron in Ca+ is taken from the secondenergy level, lower than the initial 3rd energy level where Ca'sfirst electron was. On the other hand, K second electronis removed from the higher energy 3s orbital.] The difference between the atomic radii of Na and K isrelatively large compared to the difference between the atomicradii of Rb and Cs. [The increase inthe size of the atomic radius of Na to K is larger than theincrease between Rb and Cs because 3rd to 4th energy leveldifference in energy is greater than the difference between 5th to6th energy levels. As the Bohr hydrogen model predicts, thehigher in energy that a level is the smaller the difference inenergy between it and the previous, lower level.] A sample of nickel chloride is attracted into a magneticfield, whereas a sample of solid zinc chloride is not. [Since chloride ions are common to both saltsit is the metal ion, the metal ions cause the difference in the twosalts' magnetism. The nickel ion is paramagnetic whichexplains why it is attracted into a magnetic field, whereas thezinc ion is diamagnetic. Ni2+ has 8 electrons inthe 3d sublevel. The distribution of these electrons into thefive 3d orbitals according to Hund's rule leaves two unpairedelectrons, with parallel spin. It is these two unpairedelectrons that give nickel chloride its paramagneticproperties. The zinc ion on the other hand has a full 3dsublevel with 10 electrons. This means that all of theseelectrons are paired with another electron of opposite spin in thefive 3d orbitals.]

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