ARTICLE FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT CAN BE FOUND AT: http://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc

Question

ARTICLE FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT CAN BE FOUND AT: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867400810715 1. What is “primary scientific literature”? What is a “scientific journal”? 2. What is a principal investigator? Who is the principal investigator on this article? 3. Define Apicomplexan. How do Apicomplexans move? 4. What are cytochalasins (CDs) and what do they do? What does the paper mean by “cytochalasin-resistant host cells”? USE YOUR OWN WORDS TO EXPLAIN. 5. How did the authors determine that the Toxoplasma had infected the host cells? USE YOUR OWN WORDS TO EXPLAIN. 6. Why did the authors use Salmonella too? How did the authors determine if Salmonella had entered the cell? USE YOUR OWN WORDS TO EXPLAIN. 7. Describe all of Figure 1A in your own words. (Make sure that you explain what Cyt-1 and KB are and also explain what the x-axis and y-axis are.) What does the result indicate? USE YOUR OWN WORDS TO EXPLAIN. 8. Why did the authors create CD-resistant mutants of Toxoplasma? What happened when these mutants were treated with CD? What did these results indicate? USE YOUR OWN WORDS TO EXPLAIN. 9. Explain Figure 5. What are the authors showing us in these pictures? What does this data indicate? USE YOUR OWN WORDS TO EXPLAIN. 10. How can this paper’s information be used for something useful? (In other words, why did this information get published in a very prestigious journal?)

Explanation / Answer

        Scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research.

2. A principal investigator (PI) is the lead researcher for a particular well-defined project, usually in the sciences, such as a laboratory study or a clinical trial. PI also known as "head of the laboratory" or "research group leader." Janice M Dobowolski is the principal investigator on this article.

3. Apicomplexan, also called sporozoan, any protozoan of the (typically) spore-producing phylum Apicomplexa, which is called Sporozoa. All apicomplexans are parasitic and lack contractile vacuoles and locomotor processes. Apicomplexans live within the body cavities or the cells of almost every kind of animal, including other apicomplexans. Important pathogens in this group include Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria; Cryptosporidium, a causative agent of a water-borne dysentery; and Eimeria, the causative agent of coccidiosis in domestic birds and animals.

4. Cytochalasins (CDs) neutralizes invasion by Apicomplexans by blocking both gliding motility and entry into phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells. Cytocholasins disrupt host cell microfilaments and hence prevents the uptake of intracellular bacterial pathogens.

           Cytochalasin-resistant host cells are those cells which are resistant to cytochalasin.

5. In order to study the mechanism by which Toxoplasma invades host cells, researchers used a combination of host cell and parasite mutants that were resistant to cytochalasin and named them as cytochalasin-resistant host cells.

6. In order to test that parasite invasion was distinct from the mechanism used by bacterial pathogens, authors use host cell internalization of Salmonella typhimurium in the absence or presence of CD.

                The authors determine that Salmonella had entered the cell by protection from gentamicin, which effectively kills only extracellular bacteria.

7. Host epithelial cell line KB and a cytochalasin-resistant mutant derived from this line, is Cyt-1.

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