Textbook (Raven Biology of Plants, 8th editions) 1. Apical Meristems and Their D
ID: 57660 • Letter: T
Question
Textbook (Raven Biology of Plants, 8th editions)
1. Apical Meristems and Their Derivatives; pp. 538–539; easy
What cell types comprise the apical meristems of plants? Is cell division limited to only one cell type in the apical meristem? Explain.
2. Apical Meristems and Their Derivatives; p. 539; moderate
What is the difference between apical meristems and primary meristems? Between primary meristems and primary growth?
3. Growth, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation; pp. 539–541; difficult
Explain the differences among growth, morphogenesis, differentiation, determination, and competency. How does the interaction among these processes result in development?
4. Internal Organization of the Plant Body; p. 541; moderate
What is the difference between a simple tissue and a complex tissue? Give examples of each.
5. Ground Tissues; pp. 541–544; moderate
Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the various cell types that comprise the ground tissue.
6. Ground Tissues; p. 542; moderate
Discuss the roles of transfer cells in plants.
7. Vascular Tissues; pp. 544–546; moderate
Compare and contrast the two main types of cells of xylem tissue in angiosperms.
8. Vascular Tissues; pp. 544–546; moderate
In what way are vessel elements more efficient conductors of water than tracheids? In what way are they less safe?
9. Vascular Tissues; pp. 548–550; moderate
What cellular changes occur during the differentiation of sieve elements that make them better adapted as food-conducting structures?
10. Vascular Tissues; p. 552; moderate
Give evidence to support the hypothesis that sieve-tube elements and companion cells are closely related developmentally.
11. Dermal Tissues; pp. 553–555; moderate
What are trichomes? List some of their functions, and discuss the control of trichome development as deduced from studies of Arabidopsis.
12. Dermal Tissues; p. 555; moderate
List the tissues that make up the periderm, and give the function of each type.
Explanation / Answer
What cell types comprise the apical meristems of plants? Is cell division limited to only one cell type in the apical meristem? Explain.
Apical meristems are the tissue of undifferentiated cells capable of undergoing mitotic cell division and differentiation into various embryonic tissues. When this cell divides it give rise to two cells. One undergoes differentiation while the other one remains meristematic i.e this cell type is only competent to undergo cell division.
What is the difference between apical meristems and primary meristems? Between primary meristems and primary growth?
Apical meristem are the zones of meristematic cells while primary meristem is formed after cell division and partially differentiation of apical meristematic cells into three embryonic tissue system that are
1)Protoderm 2) Procambium 3) ground meristem
Primary meristem are the partially differentiated cell of embryonic tissue while primary growth refers to further addition of cell through cell division of primary meristem which further differentiate for more plant height and root length.
Explain the differences among growth, morphogenesis, differentiation, determination, and competency. How does the interaction among these processes result in development?
What is the difference between a simple tissue and a complex tissue? Give examples of each.
Simple tissue are those which are composed on one type of cell only (eg: parenchyma , collenchyma etc ) while complex tissue are those which are composed of more than one type of cell (eg: xylem and phloem)
Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the various cell types that comprise the ground tissue.
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Composed of cells
Parenchyma cells
Collenchyma cells
Sclerenchyma cells
Structure of cells
large vacuoles with thin walls
Elonagted cells no vacuoles with varying wall thickness of cellulose
Have thick walls of cellulose and lignin
protoplast
living protoplasts
living protoplasts
no living protoplasts when they are mature
Role
Storage of food
Structural support
Structural support
Discuss the roles of transfer cells in plants.
Transfer cells are considered to play a central role in nutrient transport because of protoplast which have high surface to volume ratio and secondary wall ingrowths. These specialized parenchyma cell facilitates intra or inter environment distribution through either absorption or secretion of solutes.
Compare and contrast the two main types of cells of xylem tissue in angiosperms
Primary xylem is derived from the procambium apical meristem, while Secondary xylem is formed by the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem
What are trichomes? List some of their functions, and discuss the control of trichome development as deduced from studies of Arabidopsis.
Hair like outgrowths of specialized epidermal cells are termed as trichomes. Major function of trichomes are :
During the study in Arabidopsis for Trichome development it was observed that 4 genes govern the site of trichome formation and control the process of intitation. While 8 genes are responsible for further extension growth. Absence of any of these gene or improper functioning at genetic level results in distorted trichome
List the tissues that make up the periderm, and give the function of each type.
The tissues that collectively referred as periderm are
What cell types comprise the apical meristems of plants? Is cell division limited to only one cell type in the apical meristem? Explain.
Apical meristems are the tissue of undifferentiated cells capable of undergoing mitotic cell division and differentiation into various embryonic tissues. When this cell divides it give rise to two cells. One undergoes differentiation while the other one remains meristematic i.e this cell type is only competent to undergo cell division.
What is the difference between apical meristems and primary meristems? Between primary meristems and primary growth?
Apical meristem are the zones of meristematic cells while primary meristem is formed after cell division and partially differentiation of apical meristematic cells into three embryonic tissue system that are
1)Protoderm 2) Procambium 3) ground meristem
Primary meristem are the partially differentiated cell of embryonic tissue while primary growth refers to further addition of cell through cell division of primary meristem which further differentiate for more plant height and root length.
Explain the differences among growth, morphogenesis, differentiation, determination, and competency. How does the interaction among these processes result in development?
What is the difference between a simple tissue and a complex tissue? Give examples of each.
Simple tissue are those which are composed on one type of cell only (eg: parenchyma , collenchyma etc ) while complex tissue are those which are composed of more than one type of cell (eg: xylem and phloem)
Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the various cell types that comprise the ground tissue.
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Composed of cells
Parenchyma cells
Collenchyma cells
Sclerenchyma cells
Structure of cells
large vacuoles with thin walls
Elonagted cells no vacuoles with varying wall thickness of cellulose
Have thick walls of cellulose and lignin
protoplast
living protoplasts
living protoplasts
no living protoplasts when they are mature
Role
Storage of food
Structural support
Structural support
Discuss the roles of transfer cells in plants.
Transfer cells are considered to play a central role in nutrient transport because of protoplast which have high surface to volume ratio and secondary wall ingrowths. These specialized parenchyma cell facilitates intra or inter environment distribution through either absorption or secretion of solutes.
Compare and contrast the two main types of cells of xylem tissue in angiosperms
Primary xylem is derived from the procambium apical meristem, while Secondary xylem is formed by the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem
What are trichomes? List some of their functions, and discuss the control of trichome development as deduced from studies of Arabidopsis.
Hair like outgrowths of specialized epidermal cells are termed as trichomes. Major function of trichomes are :
- Maintenance of leaf surface temperature
- Reduction in the rate of evaporation from the surface
During the study in Arabidopsis for Trichome development it was observed that 4 genes govern the site of trichome formation and control the process of intitation. While 8 genes are responsible for further extension growth. Absence of any of these gene or improper functioning at genetic level results in distorted trichome
List the tissues that make up the periderm, and give the function of each type.
The tissues that collectively referred as periderm are
- Cork cambium/phellogen: lateral meristem tissue responsible for secondary growth giving rise to cork cell on outer region and phelloderm inside
- Cork/phellum: Cork tissue are dead and impervious to air and water due to suberin
- Phelloderm: group of parenchyma cells that forms the part of bark
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