Describe some of the different ways that Gold nanoparticles could be functionali

Question

Describe some of the different ways that Gold nanoparticles could be functionalized to accumulate in breast cancer tissue. Would it be more beneficial to perform active or passive targeting? If you were to perform active targeting, what are 3 different tissue biomarkers you would try to target, and why? What sorts of targeting molecules would you put on the surface of Gold nanoparticles ? What are your most important considerations when picking targeting molecules (size, charge, affinity, etc)? How do you expect this active targeting to change your overall nanoparticle accumulation in your tissue? If you were to perform passive targeting, what physical properties of your nanoparticle would you optimize, and why? How do you expect this passive targeting to change your overall nanoparticle accumulation in your tissue?

Explanation / Answer

Here, I wrote a paragraph that would give a wage answer for all your questions.

The shape, solubility and coated organic layers, plays a key role in the function of AuNPs. To accumulate in breast cancer tissue, it would be more beneficial by grafting a breast tumor-specific antigen bound ligand (HER-2) or antibody on the surface coating of nanoparticles that help in the active distribution of AuNPs throughout tumor without affecting other normal tissues. It would help in retention of AuNPs in tumors for a longer time. Otherwise, you can coat with polyethylene glycol, which bypass their uptake into reticuloendothelial cells. Usually, AuNPs redistribute passively in tumor tissue via vasculature gaps. AuNps can easily pass through these gaps and retain in the tumor due the lack of lymphatic clearance and defective extracellular matrix. But it is non-specific can show toxic effects on non-tumor cells. It will be less accurate than active targeting in the feature of tissue accumulation. For example active targeting of AuNPs-HER2 complex 1.6 times more accumulated in breast tumor cells than passive targeting. The organic layer would help in maintenance of colloidal tense with different biomolecules like DNA, proteins or peptides that would lead to their damage by internal core particle. Active targeting is highly specific and will have high affinity to bind with a respective ligand on tumor cells. Proteins in the plasma membrane (tumor-specific), DNA and signaling cascades that activate intracellular tumor-specific transcription factors can be highly targeted.

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