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Chapter 21 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Glucose-6-phosphate Fruetose-6-phusphate Fruetase-1,6-hisphosphale Dibydrowy acetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldeltyde phosphate NAD NA 3 Bisphosphoglycerate 3-Bisphospbugli ocrate ADP 7 STAGE ATP Phosphugly cerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 2- Thosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate Plaasphaenolpyruvaie ADP ATP Pyruvate 21.5 A summary of the reactions of glycolysis. These reactions occur in the cell cytoplasm

Explanation / Answer

Ans. 7. A. there are 3 (reactions 1, 3 and 10) irreversible reactions in glycolysis.   

#7B. Significance of irreversible reactions:

I. The irreversible reactions are the regulatory point of the metabolic pathways. A reaction can be stopped and re-started depending on the concentration of other metabolites or under the influence of cellular phycological conditions.

II. The irreversible reactions prevent the conversion of a reaction product back into the substrate. So, it enables the cell to “fix” a specific metabolic for its forward fate in the pathway because that metabolic can’t turn back into its substrate.

#C. Ketone = Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

Aldehyde = Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P)

#D. The enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is specific for the substrate G-3-P whereas DHAP can’t be utilized as substrate in reaction 5. Therefore, the conversion of DHAP into G-3-P (true substrate) is crucial for the reaction to keep going.

#E. An enzyme that transfers a phosphate from a high-energy compound bearing it to a substrate is called kinase. Example- phosphofructokinase

#F. The formation of ATP from ADP and a phosphate group is called phosphorylation.

Reaction 7 and 10 catalyze formation of ATP though substrate-level phosphorylation.    

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