Using information from the medical record, answer the following questions: 1. Li

Question

Using information from the medical record, answer the following questions:

1. List completely the body structures that were X-rayed.

2. Define: comminuted, opacification, maxillary, antrum, and zygoma.

3. Describe in lay terms all of the views that were included in the skull series.

4. Was the fracture fragmented or wedged into the surrounding tissues? How can you tell?

5. What evidence led to the conclusion that the zygoma was fractured in the central portion?

SKULL, FACIAL BONES, AND ORBITS: Standard skull series with lateral, PA, and Towne views as well as oblique and AP views of the mandible, base views of the zygoma, Waters view of the sinuses, and Rhese views of the orbits were obtained. There is a comminuted fx of the anterior wall of the frontal sinus with bone fragment protruding out into the soft tissues with marked swelling. In addition, the left zygoma is not seen on the base view except in the anterior and posterior portions, suggesting that it is fx in its central portion with cone depression. No other definite abnormality is seen. Repeat views of the zygoma with attempt to rotate the left zygoma out should be obtained for confirmation. The left maxillary sinus is slightly more opaque than the right, but no definite mass is seen and the bony walls appear intact. The walls of the orbit appear intact on the Rhese views. IMPRESSION: 1. Fx of the frontal sinus centrally with comminution 2. Probable fx of the left zygoma 3. Slight opacification of the left maxillary antrum without definite fx identified. Interpretation of Medical Record: Using information from the medical record, answer the following questions. Be specific and complete, and use appropriate detail in your answers:

Explanation / Answer

1.The body structures x-rayed are the three mentioned - The skull bones, the facial bones and the orbits which are the bones around the eyes.

There are 14 facial bones: 2 inferior nasal concha, 2 lacrimal bones, 1 mandible, 2 maxilla, 2 nasal bones, 2 palatine bones, 1 vomer bone, 2 zygomatic bones.

There are 8 cranial or skull bones - 1 ethmoid bone, 1 frontal bone, 1 occipital bone, 2 parietal bones, 1 sphenoid bone, 2 temporal bones.

The orbits are formed by 7 bones.

2.Comminuted - broken

Opacification - Cloudy in appearance

Maxillary - IT is one of the bones forming the upper jaw

Antrum - Cavity

Zygoma - IT is the cheekbone

3. The views included in the skull series are:

Lateral: side view

PA: back to front view

Towne: Frontal bone to the occipital bone

Oblique: Taken at a cross angle

AP: front to back view

Base view: lower part of the bone

Waters view: Here the sinuses are xrayed. So the patient needs to open his mouth and sit in front of the machine at a particular angle.

Rhese view: The patient is made to site facing the machine and head tilted to 39 degrees.

4. The fracture was protruding into the tissue. It causes swelling which confirms the fact.

5. The absence of the left zygoma in the base view confirms the fact of the fracture. only the anterior and posterior portions are seen

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