The Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out numbers are from the norma

Question

The Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out numbers are from the normal. The symbol for Standard Deviation is sigma (sigma), which has the following formula: sigma = Squareroot1/N Sigma^N _i = 1(x_i - mu)^2 Work out the Mean mu (the simple average of the numbers) Then for each number: subtract the Mean and square the result Then work out the mean of those squared differences. Take the squareroot of that and we are done! A 20 students took a C++ quiz in which they scored the following grades: 9, 2, 5, 4, 12, 7, 8, 11, 9, 3, 7, 4, 12, 5, 4, 10, 9, 6, 9, and 4. find the Standard Deviation. Work out the mean, in the formula above mu is the mean of all our values. The mean is: mu = 9+2+5+4+12+7+8+11+9+3+7+4+12+5+4+10+9+6+9+420 = 140/20 = 7. Then for each number: subtract the Mean and square the result. This is the part of the formula that says: (x_i - mu)^2 subtract the mean and square the result", like this: (9 - 7)^2 = (2)^2 = 4 (2 - 7)^2 = (- 5)^2 = 25 (5 - 7)^2 = (- 2)^2 = 4 (4 - 7)^2 = (-3)^2 = 9 (12 - 7)^2 = (5)^2 = 25 (7 - 7)^2 = (0)^2 = 0 (8 - 7)^2 = (1)^2 = 1 (11 - 7)^2 = (4)^2=16 (9 - 7)^2 = (2)^2 = 4 (3 - 7)^2 = (4)^2 = 16 (7 - 7)^2 = (0)^2 = 0 (4 - 7)^2 = (3)^2 = 9 (12 - 7)^2 = (5)^2 = 25 (5 - 7)^2 = (2)^2 =4 (4 - 7)^2 = (3)^2 = 9 (10 - 7)^2 = (3)^2 = 9 (9 - 7)^2 = (2)^2 = 4 (6 - 7)^2 = (1)^2 = 1 (9 - 7)^2 = (2)^2 = 4 (4 - 7)^2 = (3)^2 = 9 Then work out the mean of those squared differences. To work out the mean, add up all the values then divide by how many. First add up all the values from the previous step. We want to add up all the values from 1 to N, where N=20 in our case because there are 20 values: Example (continued): Sigma^N _i = 1(x_i - mu)^2 Which means: Sum all values from (X_1 - 7)^2 to (X_N - 7)^2 We already calculated (X_1 - 7)^2 = 4 etc. in the previous step, so just sum them up: = 4+25+4+9+25+0+1 +16+4+16+0+9+25+4+9+9+4+1+4+9 =178 But that isn't the mean yet, we need to divide by how many, which is simply done by multiplying by "1/N": Example (continued): 1/N Sigma^N _i = 1 (x_i - mu)^2 Mean of squared differences = (1/20) times 178 = 8.9 Take the squareroot of that to find the Standard Deviation: sigma = Squareroot (8.9) = 2.983 Write a complete C++ program that calculates Standard Deviation using data from input file called: grades.txt. Use data in the example above to populate the data file: grades.txt Output the average and the standard deviation to an external file called: results.txt. Increase your program modularity by implementing functions so the main contains only function calls

Explanation / Answer

Anthocyanins are the pigment compounds responsible for red, purple and blue colours in many fruits and vegetables. Within each plant source, these pigment compounds vary in concentration, proportions, and chemical structure, all of which influence use for color in a food or beverage. The pH causes a bathochromatic shift typically from red to purple to blue, from low to high pH respectively, while heat and light degrade the pigments

Additionally, these pigments exhibit a reversible change in molecular structure as the pH of solutions change from acidic to basic. This change in structure is characterized by a shift in hue from red to purple to blue as the pH changes from acidic to basic.

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse T
• Subjects

---

---

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.