1. Which type of muscle cell can relax in response to a neurotransmitter? skelet

Question

1. Which type of muscle cell can relax in response to a neurotransmitter?

skeletal

cardiac

smooth muscle cells in certain locations

2. Which ability does not depend upon neurosecretion from -motor neurons?

posture control

breathing

modulation of heartbeat frequency

gaze fixation

orienting the head towards objects in space.

3. Living animals are characterized by a variety of reflexes. Each reflex enables a specific outcome. What outcome is enabled by the myotatic reflex?

balance

withdrawal from a noxious stimulus

maintenance of muscle position

4. The case study used an animal that walked towards a stimulus. Feeding behavior was enabled by vision in combination with energy reserve assessment. Where is the status of an animal’s energy reserve monitored? sensory cortex

hypothalamus

brainstem

adipose tissue

5. The primary energy reserve within a well-fed animal is found within its:

skeletal muscle mass

adipose tissue

liver

6. Which bloodstream component is proportional to the size of an animal’s energy reserve?

glucose

ketone bodies

leptin

Explanation / Answer

1. smooth muscle cells in certain locations got relaxed in response to neurotransmittors:

Explanation: there is only one neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction - acetylcholine. In contrast, many different neurotransmitters can be released from the many different nerves that innervate smooth muscle cells. As a further contrast from skeletal smooth muscle,some of the neurotransmitters/chemicals that act on smooth muscle directly inhibit it, causing relaxation.Skeletal muscle receives no direct inhibition .

2.modulation of heartbeat frequency does not depend upon neurosecretion from -motor neurons

Explanation: Alpha () motor neurons (also called alpha motoneurons), are large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction.

While their cell bodies are found in the central nervous system (CNS), motor neurons are also considered part of the somatic nervous system—a branch of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)—because their axons extend into the periphery to innervateskeletal muscles.

except heart beat modulation all other options are under control of CNS and PNS.

3.Myotatic reflex enables withdrawal from a noxious stimulus i.e, heelps in preventing teraing or damage of muscle tissue.This is designed as a protective measure for the muscles, to prevent tearing. The muscle spindle is stretched and the impulse is also immediately received to contract the muscle, protecting it from being pulled forcefully or beyond a normal range.

4.sympathetic nervous activity within adipose tissue helps in the assesment of status of an animal’s energy reserve monitored.for an example in lactation in caqttles the increased lipolysis during lactation is caused by decreased serum insulin, increased sympathetic nervous activity within adipose tissue, and an increased response and sensitivity to catecholamines

5. The primary energy reserve within a well-fed animal is found within its liver. because in the live animal glycogen is the energy reserve for the muscles used as fuel for muscle contraction. and glycogen is stored and metabolised from liver.

6.Leptins in bloodstream is proportional to the size of an animal’s energy reserve.

Leptin is a hormone made by adipose cells that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger. Leptin is opposed by the actions of the hormone ghrelin, the "hunger hormone". Both hormones act on receptors in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to regulate appetite to achieveenergy homeostasis. In obesity, a decreased sensitivity to leptin occurs, resulting in an inability to detect satiety despite high energy stores.

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