d What is an element? What is a free radical? Why is it important to control fre
ID: 50894 • Letter: D
Question
d
What is an element?
What is a free radical? Why is it important to control free radicals in the body?
What is a molecule? An ion?
What are the three types of bonding and what are their properties?
What is important about polar covalent bonds? What is a dipole?
Why is hydrogen bonding critical in the human body?
What is a cation? An anion? A salt?
What are organic molecules and what are the most common elements in them? What portion of the organic molecule affects the function of it?
Compare and contrast the four types of organic molecules. What makes them different? What are their monomers and functions?
Define amphipathic (amphiphilic). Understand the properties of phospholipids in the function of the plasma membrane.
Know the functions of proteins and understand how they are formed (primary structure, etc.).
What is the importance of ATP?
Define: pH, acid, base. What is the relationship between [H+] and pH?
Define a buffer. Know the carbonic acid/bicarbonate ion buffering in blood and the normal pH range of blood. Why are buffers important?
What are the components of a chemical reaction?
What are enzymes? What is a substrate? A ligand? What is the ES complex? Why is specificity of NZs important? What is affinity? Kd?
Know the factors that affect protein binding.
Understand enzyme regulation through inhibition, allosteric regulation, cooperativity, and saturation.
d
Explanation / Answer
1.
According to atomic theory, elements consist of tiny particles called “atoms.” Each element consists of only one kind of atom, and the same name is given to the element and its atoms. The name is represented by one or two letters, and is called the “atomic symbol” of a particular atom. For example, symbol “C” stands for carbon and “H” stands for hydrogen.
2. Free radical:
Free radicals are those that contain one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom, which is very reactive. These free radiacals readily reacts with various cellular structures and causes their damage and cell death. Free radical damage is the main cause of several chronic diseases and ageing.
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