Scarecrows are initially effective, but after a short period of time they no lon

Question

Scarecrows are initially effective, but after a short period of time they no longer work. This is an example of

a fixed action pattern

cognitive learning

habituation

operant conditioning

During the breeding season male stickleback fish acquire red bellies and the fish defend territories against other males by attacking intruders. A male stickleback will also attack an inanimate object if its underside is painted red. In this example what is the sign stimulus?

the defensive behavior

the presence of another male fish

hormonal changes in the fish

the red coloration on the ventral side

none of the above

Based on your knowledge of oceanic ecology, predict which organism would have the lowest probability of being found 200 meters below the ocean surface.

whale

hagfish

shrimp

phytoplankton

Ecologists approach the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment from many different levels. A researcher studying how group dynamics work during the winter and affect the number of grey wolves would be what type of ecologist?

organismal

population

community

ecosystem

a fixed action pattern

cognitive learning

habituation

operant conditioning

Explanation / Answer

1. Habituation, a phenomenon in which organisms stop responding after repeated encounter with the stimulus

2. The red color on the ventral side is the sign stimulus. The stickleback attacks anything (models, not the real fish) with red bellies, but ignores real fish which are colorless at their ventralside.

3. Phytoplankton. They need light and hence are seen at surface only. They cannot be found at depths of oceans.

4. Population ecologist, population ecologist studies the dynamics of species populations, how they interact with the environment, and how the population sizes of the species vary over time and space.

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